Thoreau's “Solitude” in Walden: The Marriage of Metaphor and Metonymy_

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題名：	Thoreau's “Solitude” in Walden: The Marriage of Metaphor and Metonymy
書刊名：	真理大學人文學報
作者：	張登翰
作者(外文)：	Zhang, Denghan
出版日期：	2009
卷期：	8
頁次：	頁249-272
主題關鍵詞：	梭羅；湖濱散記；孤寂；暗喻；轉喻；Thoreau；Walden；Solitude；Metaphor；Metonymy
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:40

本文借用雅可布森（Roman Jakobson）對於暗喻（metaphor）和轉喻（metonymy）的觀點，討論梭羅（Henry David Thoreau）所著《湖濱散記・孤寂篇》所呈現的獨特思想。傳統上，梭羅歸屬於浪漫派，而〈孤寂篇〉則最具有濃厚的浪漫色彩︰和英國浪漫派詩人華茲華斯（William Wordsworth）一樣，梭羅在作品中刻畫一個自我放逐、追求理想的主角。然而，梭羅在文中大量使用暗喻和轉喻，「浪漫」一詞已不足描述其特色。照雅可布森所論，浪漫派精於暗喻，而寫實派則擅長轉喻。一般而言，轉喻通常預設一特定寫實「情境」（context）之存在，一如寫實派常以「社會」或「家庭」等寫實情境為背景；而暗喻則脫離任何寫實「情境」，一如浪漫派常離群索居、脫離現實。本文分三方面來討論梭羅使用暗喻和轉喻的情況︰（一）大自然之呈現︰梭羅筆下之自然，混合了理想和現實的成分，且超越物理上「距離」的概念；（二）人在孤寂中之自我身分以及人際關係︰梭羅雖然嚮往純淨超然的人生，卻不完全脫離人類社會；（三）人和自然的關係︰人是自然的一部分，同時又和自然相等，而人類社會中的「價值」觀，梭羅常用來形容自然。在他筆下，人和自然在「轉喻」與「暗喻」巧妙結合中，實為一體，不應強為區分。依此看來，梭羅既浪漫又寫實，其成就非單一風格所能窮盡其妙。

以文找文

This paper explores the peculiarity of the “Solitude” chapter in Walden by Henry David Thoreau in the light of Roman Jakobson’s arguments about metaphor and metonymy. Traditionally, Thoreau is considered a romantic, while the “Solitude” chapter highlights his romantic style most strongly: like the English romantic William Wordsworth, he characterizes a self-exiled hero who quests for an ideal. However, “romantic” fails to describe Thoreau’s style since he employs abundantly both metaphor and metonymy. According to Jakobson, metaphor flourishes in romanticism, while metonymy, realism. Generally speaking, metonymy presupposes the existence of a realistic “context,” which corresponds to “society” or “family” in a realistic work; metaphor occurs without regard to any realistic “context,” a situation which echoes the self-exile or transcendence of reality in romanticism. This paper will explore Thoreau’s deployment of metaphor and metonymy with respect to three aspects: (1) the presentation of Nature: Nature under the pen of Thoreau incorporates the elements of both the ideal and the mundane, and disregards the physical distance; (2) Man’s self-identity in solitude and human relationship: Thoreau quests for spiritual purity, but does not withdraw himself completely from human society; (3) Man’s relationship with Nature: human beings are treated as part of Nature on the one hand and as her equal on the other hand, and terms of economy are frequently used to describe Nature. Man and Nature, with the ingenuous deployment of metaphor and metonymy, are treated as One; it is unreasonable to separate both. Therefore, Thoreau is both romantic and realistic, and his achievement cannot simply be classified as either.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Hodder, Alan D.(2005)。In the Nick of Time: Thoreau's "Present" as Experiment as a Colloquy of East and West。Religion and the Arts: A Journal from Boston College，9(3)/9(4)，235-257。
2.	Lane, Ruth(2005)。Standing "Aloof from the State: Thoreau on Self-Government"。The Review of Politics，67(2)，283-310。
3.	McDougall, Walter A、沃特(2008)。Our Stillborn Renaissance。First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life，182，17-21。
4.	Peck, H Daniel(2004)。Thoreu's Lakes of Light: Modes of Representation and the Enactment of Philosophy in Walden。Midwest studies in Philosophy，28(1)，85-101。
5.	Poetzsch, Markus(2008)。Sounding Walden Pond: The Depths and "Double Shadows" of Thoreau's Autobiographical Symbol。American Transcendental Quarterly，22(2)，387-401。
6.	Saito, Naoko(2007)。Truth Is Translated: Cavell's Thoreau and the Transcendence of America。Journal of Speculative Philosophy，21(2)，124-132。

圖書
1.	Selden, Raman、Widdowson, Peter、Brooker, Peter(2005)。A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory。Pearson Education Limited。
2.	Buell, Lawrence(1995)。The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture。Cambridge, Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。
3.	Gilmore, Michael(1985)。American Romanticism and the Marketplace。Chicago：The University of Chicago Press。
4.	Bickman, Martin(1992)。Walden: Volatile Truths。New York：Twayne。
5.	Emerson, Ralph Waldo(1992)。Thoreau。Walden and Resistance to Civil Government。New York。
6.	Anderson, Charles Roberts(1968)。The Magic Circle of Walden。The Magic Circle of Walden。New York。
7.	Emerson, Ralph Waldo(1989)。Journals。The Norton Anthology of American Literature (Vol. 1)。New York。
8.	Cain, William E.(2000)。Introduction。A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau。Oxford。
9.	Fink, Steven(1999)。Thoreau's Vision of the Natural World。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
10.	Gilmore, Michael T(1988)。Walden and the "Curse of Trade"。Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden。Boston。
11.	Gougeon, Len(1999)。Thoreau and Reform。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
12.	Cain, William E.(2000)。Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862: A Brief Biography。A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau。Oxford。
13.	Gross, Robert A.(2000)。"That Terrible Thoreau": Concord and Its Hermit。A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau。Oxford。
14.	Harding, Walter(1988)。Five Ways of Looking at Walden。Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden。Boston。
15.	Harding, Walter(1999)。Thoreau's Reputation。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
16.	Hawthorne, Nathaniel(1989)。Henry D. Thoreau。The Norton Anthology of American Literature (Vol. 1)。New York。
17.	Hellenbrand, Harold(1987)。A True Integrity Day by Day。Modern Critical Interpretations: Henry David Thoreau's Walden。New York。
18.	Kronick, Joseph G.(1987)。Houses and Compost: Thoreau's Walden。Modern Critical Interpretations: Henry David Thoreau's Walden。New York。
19.	Lowell, James Russell(1992)。Thoreau。Walden and Resistance to Civil Government。New York。
20.	Matthiessen, F. O.(1992)。Walden: Craftsmanship vs. technique。Walden and Resistance to Civil Government。New York。
21.	Modenhauer, Joseph J.(1988)。The Extra-vagant Maneuver: Paradox in Walden。Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden。Boston。
22.	Nelson, Dana D.(2000)。Thoreau, Manhood, and Race: Quiet Desperation versus Representative Isolation。A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau。Oxford。
23.	Parrington, Vernon Louis(1927)。The Romantic Revolution in America: 1800-1860。The Romantic Revolution in America: 1800-1860。New York。
24.	Paul, Sherman(1988)。Resoluiton at Walden。Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden。Boston。
25.	Powy, Llewelyn(1988)。Thoreau: A Disparagement。Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden。Boston。
26.	Richardson, Robert(1999)。Thoreau and Concord。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
27.	Sattelmeyer, Robert(1999)。Thoreau and Emerson。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
28.	Schineider, Richard J.(1999)。Walden。The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau。Cambridge。
29.	Thoreau, Henry David(1992)。Walden。Walden and Resistance to Civil Government。New York。
30.	Wagenknecht, Edward(1981)。Henry David Thoreau: What Manner of Man?。Henry David Thoreau: What Manner of Man?。Amherst。

圖書論文
1.	Plotinus(1971)。On the Intellectual Beauty。Theory Since Plato。New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich。
2.	Saunders, J. P.(1987)。Economic Metaphor Redefined: The Transcendental Capitalist at Walden。Modern Critical Interpretations: Henry David Thoreau's Walden。NY：Chelsea House。
3.	Jakobson, Roman(1971)。The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles。Critical Theory since Plato。Harcourt Brace Jovanovich。
4.	Eiseley, Loren(1987)。Thoreau's Vision of the Natural World。Henry David Thoreau (Bloom's Modern Critical Views)。New York：Chelsea。
5.	Cavell, Stanley(1987)。Words。Henry David Thoreau (Bloom's Modern Critical Views)。New York：Chelsea。
6.	Rowe, John Carlos(1987)。The Being of Language: The Language of Being。Henry David Thoreau (Bloom's Modern Critical Views)。New York：Chelsea。
7.	Weisbuch, Robert(1987)。Thoreau's Dawn and the Lake School's Night。Henry David Thoreau's Walden。New York：Chelsea House Publishers。

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