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引文資料
題名:
利益團體遊說手法探析:以「以色列人公共事務委員會」(AIPAC)運作情形為例
書刊名:
復興崗學報
作者:
余瓊瑤
作者(外文):
Yu, Chiung-yao
出版日期:
2010
卷期:
97
頁次:
頁159-177
主題關鍵詞:
遊說
;
國會
;
美國以色列人公共事務委員會
;
Lobbying
;
Congress
;
AIPAC
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(
1
) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:0
共同引用:0
點閱:43
本文以「美國以色列人公共事務委員會」(American Israel Public Affairs Committee, AIPAC)運用遊說影響美國支持以色列為例,說明利益團體如何運用遊說手法透過國會運作爭取利益。遊說的方式很多,從直接的運用人脈管道推動法案到間接的利用輿論對政治人物施壓等方式,都是利益團體影響決策的工具。而以AIPAC為首的親以色列遊說團體在以色列建國之後,成功的透過國會運作,獲得美國國會極大的軍援,使其在強鄰環伺下仍能茁壯發展。這種運用遊說影響他國軍援決策來保障本身利益的經驗,值得探討與學習。
以文找文
Politics is about who gets what, at when and how. In competing for resources, people tend to group themselves to get advantages in resources distribution rivalries, which results in the emergence of interest groups in political landscapes. One of the most often practiced and useful tools for advocating is lobbying. Applying direct and indirect lobbying techniques to exert influences on government decision making processes, interest groups make sure their interests are secured when outwitting other competitors during the processes. The U.S. government provides 150 plus countries military financing or grants annually under the USAID programs. Israel has been the biggest accumulated recipient for US Foreign Military Assistance. How pro-Israel lobbying groups fended off other competitors and reached that achievement are worth studying. This article makes a preliminary study on the interest groups’ lobbying activities and takes “AIPAC lobbying efforts as an example to show how a private interest group, AIPAC, exerts political influences through lobbying to promote interests for Israel and, to an extent, inflicts impacts on U.S. Middle East policy.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Barberis, Mary A.(1976)。The Arab-Israeli Battle on Capital Hill。Virginia Quarterly Review。
2.
Fialka, John J.(19870624)。Political Contribution from Pro-Israel PACs Suggest Coordination。Wall Street Journal。
3.
Levy, D.(2006)。Is It Good for the Jews? the Recent Controversy over the Israel Lobby Has Focused on How It Distorts U.S. Foreign Policy. Forgotten Is Whether It Helps Israel。The American Prospect,17,33。
4.
Masrie, Aspianor.(200505)。Bush and the Palestine Conflict。Far Eastern Economic Review。
5.
Miller, Paul(200701)。Open to Persuasion。The Progressive,71。
6.
Netanyahu, Benjamin(20090108)。Militant Islam Threatens Us All。The Wall Street Journal。
7.
Petras, James.(2007)。Why Condemning Israel and the Zionist Lobby is so important。Journal of Contemporary Asia,37(3)。
研究報告
1.
Maskell, Jack.(2001)。Lobbying Congress: An Overview of Legal Provisions and Congressional Ethic Rules。
2.
Petersen, R. Eric.(2007)。Lobbying Disclosure: Themes and Issues, 110th Congress。
3.
Sharp, Jeremy M.(2009)。Foreign Assistance to the Middle East: Historical Background, Recent Trend, and the FY2010 Request。
4.
Sharp, Jeremy M.(2009)。U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel。
5.
Straus, R. Jacob(2007)。Lobbying Registration and Disclosure: Before and After the Enactment of the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007。
6.
Straus, R. Jacob.(2009)。Lobbying the Executive Branch: Current Practices and Options for Change。
7.
Tarnoff, Curt、Lawson, Marian(2009)。Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy。
8.
Tarnoff, Curt、Nowel, Larry(2004)。Foreign Aid: An Introduction Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy。
圖書
1.
Birnbaum, Jeffery H.(2000)。The Money Men。New York:Crown。
2.
Cordesman, A. H.(2002)。Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century。Westport, CT:Praeger。
3.
Dine, Thomas(19860414)。On Revolutionary Eras。Near East Report。
4.
Findley, P.(2003)。They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby。Chicago:Lawrence Hill。
5.
Goldberg, D. H.(1990)。Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel。New York:Greenwood Press。
6.
McCoy, Donald R.(1984)。The Presidency of Harry S。Truman, Kansas:University Press of Kansas。
7.
Rabie, M.(1988)。The Politics of Foreign Aid: U.S. Foreign Assistance and Aid to Israel。New York:Praeger。
8.
Scott, J. A.(1998)。After the End: Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World。Durham, NC:Duke University Press。
9.
Straayer, John、Wrinkle, Obert(1972)。American Government, Policy and Non- Decisions。Columbus, Ohio:Merrill。
10.
Tocqueville, Alexis de(1989)。Democracy in America。New York:Colonial Press。
11.
Wright, Benjamin Fletcher(1961)。The Federalist。Cambridge, MA:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。
12.
Kollman, Ken(1998)。Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies。Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press。
其他
1.
EIU Views Wire(2009)。Middle East Politics: Lobby War,http://viewswire.eiu.com/article1084335293.html。
2.
Gailey, Phil.(1984)。Pro-Israel Lobbies Low-Key Power。
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