The early Ming community-tithing (lijia 里甲) system was designed as a circulation of ten units, each of which consisted of ten families from ten tithings. By the middle and late Ming, however, this changed to a circulation of ten tithings in ten years. When the community-tithing system was established in 1381, the tithing chiefs were alternately appointed from the ten tithings every ten years according to family size and economic position. These tithing chiefs formed a service unit with their corresponding community heads. The origins of the community-tithing system can be traced back to the Southern Song. Along with the change of community-tithing duties, the system was replaced by a circulation of tithings in the late Hongwu period, which continued to exist in some places in southern China through the mid-Ming.