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題名：全球反貪運動之跨國倡議網絡--以人氣政治為中心
書刊名：公共事務評論
作者：葛傳宇 引用關係
作者(外文)：Ko, Ernie Chuan-yu
出版日期：2011
卷期：12:1
頁次：頁27-51
主題關鍵詞：貪污；國際透明組織；跨國倡議網絡；可責性政治；人氣政治；Corruption；Transparency international；Transnational advocacy network；Accountability politics；Popularity politics
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本文旨在檢驗非國家行為者如何形塑規範性的國際關係。多數研究者對於傳統議題例如人權、環保與女權的跨國倡議網絡頗多著墨，但較少有系統的研究反貪腐議題。在國際政治經濟學領域，國際透明組織（Transparency International, TI）是其中一個具代表性的非政府組織。該組織透過建構跨國倡議網路、建立與世界銀行的公私夥伴關係，以及強化與國際主要商業評等公司的合作等三途徑， 將各國政府的貪腐情況量化做成貪腐印象指數（Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI），進而推廣成為全球最權威的政府治理能力參考指標。既有文獻Wang, H., & Rosenau, J., N.（2001）認為國際透明組織之策略為羞辱型之可責性政治（accountability politics），這種論述似有修正必要。傳統議題之跨國倡議網絡固然運用可責性政治，針對主權國家侵害人權進行批判。反貪運動則採取迥然不同之策略，精確的策略論述應該是人氣政治（popularity politics），促使主權國家反貪倡廉以吸引外資。近年來CPI被選列為全球三大信用評等機構的各國主權評等考量因素。其影響層面深及各國吸引外資的能力。換言之，從無形的思想、價值、與期望著手，國際透明組織在過去十年間，不僅僅是大大的提升了反貪腐訴求的國際能見度，更進一步以規範的制定者與領導者自居，引領全球商業界建立共同的行為規範。本文認為國際透明組織的國際影響力在於其獨特（一）角色定位、（二）成員專業說服力、以及（三）跨層次合作包括非政組織（NGOs）、主權國家以及國際政府間組織（IGO）的策略。反貪腐獨特的困難之處在於沒有直接而明顯的被害人，不容易引起媒體的注意，也因此很難排入決策者的優先議程。但是全球治理的浪潮中，人民普遍接受反貪腐為普世價值，而各國政府礙於反貪腐訴求有其象徵性的意義也直接牽動了執政的合法性而不得不接受。從規範的建構與散佈而言，國際透明組織改變了國際體系成員的觀念與行為準則。
This paper examines how non-state actors shape normative international relations. While many researchers have studied traditional agendas, such as human rights, environment, and women's rights in the context of transnational advocacy network (TAN), little attention has been paid to global anti-corruption. Transparency International (TI) is an pioneer non-governmental organization, which constructs an unique advocacy network, builds private-public partnerships, and strengthens cooperation with major credit rating agencies. TI's corruption perceptions index (CPI) has become the most authoritarian benchmark to measure governance capabilities of sovereign states.A literature written by H. Wang & J. N. Rosenau in 2001 concludes that TI's strategy is the shaming-based accountability politics. Their discourse, however, does not match the fact. This paper presents a criticism of Wang & Rosenau's paper by arguing for popularity politics, which encourages sovereign states to strengthen their anti-corruption policy for the sake of attracting foreign direct investment. In recent years, CPI has been included in the criteria of evaluating sovereign credit ratings by three major international credit rating agencies. The ratings have direct impact on FDI. In other words, TI's endeavors not only elevate its international publicity but also shape new norms in international business transactions.This paper finds that TI projects its influence on role play, professional persuasion, and cross-dimension cooperation between NGOs, sovereign states, and IGOs. Anti-corruption is a difficulty task for no direct victims to attract media attention, which is a useful prerequisite to jump into decision-maker's agenda. In the wake of globalization, people tend to embrace anti-corruption as a universal value. Governments become reluctant followers of this belief in order to maintain its legitimacy. In terms of constructing and disseminating norms, TI has successfully shaping many participants' identity and code of conduct in global society.
期刊論文
1.Tanzi, Vito(1998)。Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures。IMF Staff Papers，45(4)，559-594。  new window
2.Tullock, Gordon(1996)。Corruption Theory and Practice。Contemporary Economic Policy，14，6-13。  new window
3.辛翠玲(20031200)。從中國人權問題看國際人權團體的影響力--論非政府組織及其連結作用。政治科學論叢，19，181-202。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Husted, B.(1999)。Wealth, Culture, and Corruption。Journal of International Business Studies，30(2)，339-360。  new window
5.Mathews, Jessica T.(1997)。Power Shift。Foreign Affairs，76(1)，50-66。  new window
6.Wendt, Alexander E.(1992)。Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics。International Organization，46(2)，391-425。  new window
7.Lijphart, Arend(1971)。Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method。American Political Science Review，65(3)，682-693。  new window
8.Finnemore, Martha、Sikkink, Kathryn(1998)。International Norm Dynamics and Political Change。International Organization，52(4)，887-917。  new window
9.李增仁(2000)。世界反腐败斗争一瞥。華北金融，10。  延伸查詢new window
10.Cooley, A.、Ron, J.(2002)。The NGO Scramble--Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action。International Security，5-39。  new window
11.Cooper, Andrew F.、Hocking, Brian(2000)。Governments, Non-governmental Organizations and the Re-calibration of Diplomacy。Global Society，14(3)，361-376。  new window
12.Knopf, J. W.(2006)。Doing A Literature Review。PS: Political Science & Politics，39，127-132。  new window
13.Paget-Blanc, E.(2006)。Which Factors Determine Sovereign Credit Ratings。The European Journal of Finance，12(4)，361-377。  new window
14.Knoten, T. P.(1999)。The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Practicable Consideration for U.S. Corporations。Journal of the Missouri Bar，55(1)。  new window
15.Sanderson, T.(2004)。Transnational Terror and Organized Crime: Blurring the Line。SAIS Review，24(1)，49-61。  new window
16.Simmons, P. J.(1998)。Learning to Live with NGOs。Foreign Policy，112，82-96。  new window
17.Stone, D.(2000)。Think TankTransnationalisation and Non-profit Analysis, Advice and Advocacy。Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations，14，153-172。  new window
18.Wang, H.、Rosenau, J., N.(2001)。Transparency International and Corruption As An Issue of Global Governance。Global Governance，7(1)，25。  new window
19.Wang, H.、Rosenau, J. N.(2001)。Transparency international and corruption as an issue of global governance。Global Governance，7(1)，25-50。  new window
會議論文
1.王政(2007)。南韓反貪污政策之研究。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.Wei, S.-J.(1997)。How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?。Cambridge, MA：National Bureau of Economic research。  new window
學位論文
1.何仲民(1993)。日本金權政治研究─以三大醜聞案為中心。文化大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Finnemore, Martha(1999)。National Interests in International Society。National Interests in International Society。Ithaca, NY：Cornell University Press。  new window
2.Linklater, Andrew(1998)。The Transformation of Political Community。Columbia：The University of South Carolina Press。  new window
3.Waltz, Kenneth N.(1979)。Theory of International Politic。Reading, Mass：Addison-Wesley Pub. Co。  new window
4.Gerring, John(2001)。Social Science Methodology: A Critical Framework。Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Fukuyama, Francis(1992)。The End of History and the Last Man。London：New York：Hamish Hamilton：Free Press。  new window
6.Weber, Max、康樂(1997)。支配的類型：韋伯選集。臺北：遠流出版事業股份有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
7.Keck, Margaret E.、Sikkink, Kathryn(1998)。Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics。Cornell University Press。  new window
8.Vernon, Raymond(1971)。Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U. S. Enterprises。Basic Books。  new window
9.魏尚進(2000)。腐敗與亞洲的經濟發展。北京。  延伸查詢new window
10.Galtung, F.(2006)。Measuring the Immeasurable: Boundaries and Functions of (Macro) Corruption Indices。Measuring Corruption。Burlington, VT。  new window
11.Kegley, C. W.、Wittkoph, E. R.、Scott, J. M.(2003)。The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy Making。American Foriegn Policy: Pattern and Process。NY。  new window
12.Birkland, T.(1997)。After Disasters。Washington, DC。  new window
13.Dalacoura, K.(2001)。Islamist Movements as non-State Actors and Their Relevance to International Relations。Non-State Actors in World Politics。NY。  new window
14.de Sousa, L.(2005)。Transparency International in Search of a Constituency: The Franchising of the global Anti-corruption Movement。Sydney。  new window
15.Devetak, R.(2005)。Critical Theory。Theories of International Relations。NY。  new window
16.Devetak, R.(2005)。Postmodernism。Theories of International Relations。NY。  new window
17.Durand, A.(1984)。History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: from Sarajevo to Hiroshima。Geneva。  new window
18.Art, R. J.、Jervis, R.(2005)。International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues。Beijing：Peking University Press。  new window
19.Gadbaw, R. M.、Richards, T. J.(1998)。Anticorruption as an International Policy Issue: Its Origins and Implications。Trade Strategies for a New Era: Ensuring U.S. Leadership in a Global Economy。NY。  new window
其他
1.國際透明組織--台灣總會台灣透明組織(2007)。理監事名單，http://www.ti-taiwan.org/ch.files/index-1.htm， 20070225。  延伸查詢new window
2.ICRC.(2007)。History of the International Committee of the Red Cross，http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/history?OpenDocument， 20070513。  new window
3.Transparency International(2003)。Transparency International Strategic Framework，http://www.transparency.org/about_us/approach/strategy， 20070513。  new window
4.Eizenstat, S. E.(1998)。OECD Convention on Combating the Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions by Stuart E. Eizenstat, Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs，http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1998_hr/s980609-stat.htm， 20060402。  new window
5.Kaufmann, D.，Gray, C. W.(1998)。Corruption and Development，http://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/0398/articles/020398.htm， 20060505。  new window
6.Transparency International(2005)。Corruption Perception Index (CPI)，Berlin, Germany。，http://www.transparency.org/policy_and_research/surveys_indices/cpi/20053/30/2006。  new window
7.Transparency International(2007)。What has Transparency International accomplished?，http://www.transparency.org/about_us/accomplishments， 20070513。  new window
8.Transparency International(2009)。Policy and Research，http://www.transparency.org/policy_research， 20091213。  new window
9.USDOJ.(1998)。International Anti-bribery Act of 1998: Legislative History，http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/leghist.htm， 20060505。  new window
圖書論文
1.Risse, Thomas(2002)。Transnational Actors and World Politics。Handbook of International Relations。Sage。  new window
 
 
 
 
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