由「必要之惡」至「全然有益」：內戰前美國擁奴思想的發展與轉變_

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題名：	由「必要之惡」至「全然有益」：內戰前美國擁奴思想的發展與轉變
書刊名：	成大歷史學報
作者：	盧令北
作者(外文)：	Lu, Ling-pei
出版日期：	2012
卷期：	42
頁次：	頁55-116
主題關鍵詞：	奴隸；黑奴；擁奴思想；奴隸制度；美國社會；美國內戰；美國南方；必要之惡；全然有益；反奴運動；種族主義；Slaves；Slavery；Black slaves；Africa；Pro-slavery ideologies；Antebellum U.S. south；19th century U.S.；American civil war；Necessary evil；Positive good；Abolition；Racism
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:33

期刊論文
1.	Nott, Josiah C.(1843)。The Mulatto a Hybrid - Probable Extermination of the Two Races If the Whites and Blacks Are Allowed to Intermarry。The American Journal of the Medical Sciences，6，252-56。
2.	Robinson, Solon.(1849)。Negro Slavery at The South。DeBow’s Review，7(3)，206-25。
3.	(1856)。The Constitution of Man and Slavery, Part 1。DeBow’s Review，21(6)，622-27。
4.	Nott, C. Josiah(1847)。Statistics of Southern Slave Population。DeBow’s Review，4(3)，275-89。
5.	Cartwright, Samuel A.(1851)。Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race。DeBow’s Review，11(1)，64-69。
6.	(1853)。Moral Profits of Slavery。Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review，28(4)，454-56。
7.	(1853)。Commercial Benefits of Slavery。Hunt 's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review，29(2)，325-3 1。
8.	(1853)。Southern Slavery and its Assailants。DeBow’s Review，15(5)，486-96。
9.	A Lady of Georgia,(1854)。Southem Slavery and Its Assailants。DeBow’s Review，16(1)，46-62。
10.	Rosenthal, Bernard.(1973)。Puritan Conscience and New England Slavery。The New England Quarterly，46(1)，62-81。
11.	Woodman, Harold D.(1963)。The Profitability of Slavery: A Historical Perennial。The Journal of Southern History，29(3)，303-25。
12.	(1854)。High Price of Slaves in Alabama。Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review，30(3)，500。
13.	Morris, R. G.(1854)。Slave Labor upon Public Works at the South。DeBow’s Review，17(1)，76-82。
14.	(1855)。Slavery and Commerce。Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review，32(2)，264。
15.	(1855)。William Chambers on Slavery DeBow's Review。DeBow’s Review，18(14)，448-54。
16.	(1855)。Profits of Slave Labor。Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review，33(6)，736。
17.	(1856)。Slavery in China。DeBow’s Review，21(2)，159-61。
18.	(1850)。Slavery and the Bible。DeBow’s Review，9(3)，281-86。
19.	(1859)。Something More on Negroes and Slavery。DeBow’s Review，26(2)，136-44。
20.	Thornwell, James Henley.(1862)。Address to the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate of America。The Southern Presbyterian Review，14，531-50。
21.	Bellot, Leland J.(1971)。Evangelicals and the Defense of Slavery in Britain’s Old Colonial Empire。The Journal of Southern History，37(1)，19-40。
22.	Cromwell, John.(1920)。The Aftermath of Nat Turner’s Insurrection。The Journal of Negro History，5(2)，208-34。
23.	Donald, David,(1971)。The Proslavery Argument Reconsidered。The Journal of Southern History，37(1)，3-18。
24.	Durden, Robert F.(1951)。J. D. B. De Bow: Convolutions of a Slavery Expansionist。The Journal of Southern History，17(4)，441-61。
25.	Faust, Drew Gilpin(1979)。A Southern Stewardship: The Intellectual and the Proslavery Argument。American Quarterly，31(1)，63-80。
26.	Hesseltine, W. B.(1936)。Some New Aspects of the Pro-Slavery Argument。The Journal of Negro History，21(1)，1-14。
27.	Kolchin, Peter.(1980)。In Defense of Servitude: American Proslavery and Russian Proserfdom Arguments, 1760-1860。The American Historical Review，85(4)，1760-1860。
28.	Kill, Irving Stoddard.(1938)。Presbyterian Attitudes Toward Slavery。American Society of Church History，7(2)，101-14。
29.	Morrow, Ralph E.(1961)。The Proslavery Argument Revisited。The Mississippi Valley Historical Review，48(1)，79-94。
30.	Robson, David W.(1980)。An Important Question Answered: William Graham’s Defense of Slavery in Post-Revolutionary Virginia。The William and Mary Quarterly，37(4)，644-52。
31.	Boyd, Julian P.(1950)。The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 1760-17761。

會議論文
1.	Memminger, Christopher Gustavus.(1851)。Showing African Slavery to be Consistent with the Moral and Physical Progress of a Nation。Augusta, Georgia。

學位論文
1.	Sheppard, Eva,(2000)。The Question of Emancipation in Virginia from the Revolution to the Slavery of 1832。

圖書
1.	Dew, Thomas Roderick(1832)。Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832。Richmond：T. W. White。
2.	Kolchin, Peter(1993)。American Slavery: 1619-1877。New York：Hill and Wang。
3.	Horsman, Reginald.(1987)。Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist。Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press。
4.	Forbes, Robert Pierce(2007)。The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery & the Meaning of America。Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press。
5.	Brown, Everett Somerville(1970)。The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 1820-1825, from the Letters of William Plumer, Junior。New York：Da Capo Press。
6.	Albion, Robert Greenhalgh,(1970)。The Rise of New York Port, 1815-1860。New York：Charles Scribner’s Sons。
7.	Elliott, E. N.(1860)。Cotton is King, and Pro-Slavery Arguments; Comprising the Writings of Hammond, Harper, Christy, Stringfellow, Hodge, Bledsoe, and Cartwright, on this Important Subject。Augusta, GA。
8.	Fitzhugh, George.(1960)。Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters。Cambridge, MA。
9.	Grayson, William J.(1856)。The Hireling and the Slave, Chicora: and other Poems。Charleston, S.C.。
10.	Hening, William Waller(1821)。The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619。Richmond。
11.	Howell, T. B.(1814)。A Complete Collection of State Trials, and Proceedings for High Treason, and other Crimes and Misdemeanors: from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, with Notes and Other Illustrations (A.D. 1771-1777)。London。
12.	Cobb, Thomas Read Roots.(1858)。An inquiry Into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America。Philadelphia。
13.	Colton, Calvin.(1839)。Abolition a Sedition。Philadelphia。
14.	Drayton, John.(1802)。A View of South Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns。Charleston, South Carolina。
15.	Dwight, Timothy.(1815)。Remarks on the Review of Inchiquin’s Letters。Boston。
16.	Romans, Bernard.(1775)。A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida。New York。
17.	Cunningham, Charles E.(1942)。Timothy Dwight, 1752-1817: A Biography。New York。
18.	Sawyer, George S.(1858)。Southern Institutes: or, An Inquiry into the Origin and Early Prevalence of Slavery and the Slave-Trade: with an Analysis of the Laws, History, and Government of the Institution in the Principal Nations, Ancient and Modern, from the Earliest Ages Down to。Philadelphia。
19.	(1867)。The Works of John C. Calhoun。New York。
20.	Tyerman, Luke.(1870)。The Life and Times of John Wesley, Founder of the Methodists。London。
21.	Walsh, Robert.(1819)。An Appeal from the Judgments of Great Britain Respecting the United States of America。Philadelphia。
22.	Whitmore, William Henry(1889)。The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672: Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641。Boston。
23.	Curtis, James. Ballagh(1902)。A History of Slavery in Virginia。Baltimore。
24.	Dallimorc, Arnold A.(1979)。George Whitefield, the Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival。Westchester, Illinois。
25.	Davidson, Basil.(1980)。The African Slave Trade。Boston。
26.	Davis, David Brion.(1964)。Problem of Slavery in Western Culture。Ithaca, New York。
27.	Faust, Drew Gilpin.(1981)。The Ideology of Slavery. Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830-1860。Baton Rouge。
28.	Finkelman, Paul.(2003)。Defending Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Old South. A Brief History with Documents。New York。
29.	Greene, Lorenzo Johnston.(1969)。The Negro in Colonial New England。New York。
30.	Baxter, George.(1836)。An Essay on the Abolition of Slavery。Richmond, Virginia。
31.	Sinha, Manisha.(2000)。The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina。Chapel Hill。
32.	Tise, Larry E.(1987)。Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701-1840。Athens, GA。
33.	Hinks, Peter P.、McKivigan, John R.、Williams, Owen(2007)。Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition。Westport, CT。
34.	Trotter, Joe William. Jr.(2001)。Through Reconstruction。New York。
35.	Young, Jeffrey Robert.(2006)。Proslavery and Sectional Thought in the Early South, 1740-1829: An Anthology。Columbia。
36.	Arber, Edward, and A. G. Bradley(1910)。President of Virginia, and Admiral of New England, 1580-1631。Travels and Works of Captain John Smith。Edinburgh。
37.	Berlin, Ira.(2003)。Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves。Cambridge, Massachusetts。
38.	Jarratt, Devereux.(1806)。The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt, Rector of Bath Parish, Dinwiddie County. Virginia。Baltimore。
39.	Jefferson, Thomas.(1774)。A Summary View of the Rights of British America: Set Forth in Some Resolutions Intended for the Inspection of the Present Delegates of the People of Virginia, Now in Convention / by a Native, and Member of the House of Burgesses。Williamsburg, Virginia。
40.	Jefferson, Thomas.(1787)。Notes on the State of Virginia。London。
41.	Nott, Josiah C.(1849)。Two Lectures on the Connection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man。New York。
42.	Hurd, John C.(1858)。The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States。Boston。
43.	Palfrey, John Gorham.(1860)。The History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty。Boston。
44.	Inikori, Joseph E.、Engerman, Stanley L.、Klein, A. Martin、Jan Hogendorn(1992)。The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe。Durham。
45.	Jenkins, William Sumner.(1960)。Pro Slavery Thought in the Old South。Gloucester, Massachusetts。
46.	Kennedy, C. G. Joseph(1990)。Population of the United States in 1860: Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior。New York。
47.	Lockly, Timothy,(2009)。Slavery in North America: From the Colonial Period to Emancipation。London。
48.	McManus, Edgar J.(1966)。A History of Negro Slavery in New York. Syracuse。New York。
49.	Ruchames, Louis(1969)。Racial Thought in America, Vol.1: From the Puritans to Abraham Lincoln, A Documentary History。Amherst。
50.	Rutland, Robert A.(1970)。The Papers of George Mason, 1725-1792。Chapel Hill。
51.	Zilversmit, Arthur.(1967)。The First Emancipation: the Abolition of Slavery in the North。Chicago。
52.	Mather, Cotton.(1969)。The Negro Christianized (1706)。From the Puritans to Abraham Lincoln, A Documentary History。Amherst。
53.	Saffin, John.(1866)。A Brief and Candid Answer to Samuel Sewall's the Selling of Joseph。History of Slavery in Massachusetts。New York。
54.	Calhoun, John C.(1853)。Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions, Delivered in the Senate, February 6th, 1837。Speeches of John C. Calhoun, Speeches delivered in the House of Representatives and in the Senate of the United States。New York。
55.	Cartwright, Samuel A.(2003)。Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race (1851)。Defending Slavery: Proslavery Though in the Old South, A Brief History with Documents。New York。
56.	Hammond, James Henry,(1856)。Speech on the Admission of Kansas, under the Lecompton Constitution, Delivered in the Senate of the United States, March 4, 1858。Selections from the letters and speeches of the Hon. James H. Hammond, of South Carolina。New York。
57.	Harper, William(1853)。Harper on Slavery。The Pro-Slavery Argument: As Maintained by the Most Distinguished Writers of the Southern States, Containing the Several Essays, on the Subject, of Chancellor Harper, Governor Hammond, Dr. Simms, and Professor Dew。Philadelphia。
58.	Holmes, Adam.(1851)。The Duties of Christian Masters。Duties of Masters to Servants. Charleston。Charleston, South Carolina。
59.	Pattillo, Henry.(2006)。The Plain Planter's Family Assistant: Containing an Address to Husbands and Wives, Children and Servants (1787)。Proslavery and Sectional Thought in the Early South, 1740-1829。Columbia, South Carolina。
60.	(1904)。The Letters of James Habersham, 1756-1775。Collections of the Georgia Historical Society。Savannah, GA。
61.	Whitefield, George.(2009)。Three Letters from the Reverend Mr. G. Whitefield, Letter III. To the Inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia, North and South-Carolina, Concerning Their Negroes (1740)。Slavery in North America: From the Colonial Period to Emancipation。London。

其他
1.	(1854)。
2.	(1790)。House of Representatives, 1st Congress, 2nd Session。
3.	Nisbet, Richard.(1773)。Slavery Not Forbidden by Scripture, or, A Defense of the West-India Planters, From the Aspersions Thrown Out Against Them, by the Author of a Pamphlet，Philadelphia。
4.	Historical Census Browser，http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html。
5.	Yale Law School，http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vt01.asp.。
6.	，http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/virginia_declaration_of_rights.htm。
7.	，http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp。
8.	United States Statutes at Large, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875，http://mermory.1oc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=010/llsl010.db&recNum=29。

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