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題名：The Carbon Tax in Australia: Impacts on Income Distribution, Employment and Competitiveness
書刊名：Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review
作者：Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur
出版日期：2013
卷期：9:3
頁次：頁12-19
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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The carbon tax in Australia, which is implemented from 1 July 2012, has become a controversial issue to the policy makers and people regarding its potential effects on the economy and society. Therefore, this paper analyses the various effects of the carbon tax with particular attention to Australian income distribution, employment and international competitiveness. The carbon tax will increase the inequality between the poor and the rich, as the poor will be adversely affected because of increased price of almost all essential items even in the presence of the government support program; regional disparity is also likely to increase. Employment will be reduced especially in coal, mining, steel, automotive and other manufacturing industries which will cause the shrinkage of GDP. The international competitiveness of Australian industries will also be reduced, as these industries will suffer because of higher production cost compared to foreign competitors. Some policy options such as reduction of goods and services tax (GST), a tax free allowance for essential use of energy, a lower carbon tax rate, border tax adjustments, permanent financial support to the poor may be considered to reduce the regressive effects.
期刊論文
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3.Kerkhof, A. C.、Moll, H. C.、Drissen, E.、Wilting, H. C.(2008)。Taxation of multiple greenhouse gases and the effects on income distribution- a case study of the Netherlands。Ecological Economics，67，318-326。  new window
4.Labandeira, X.、Labeaga, J.(1999)。Combining input-output analysis and micro-simulation to assess the effects of carbon taxation on Spanish households。Fiscal Studies，20，305-320。  new window
5.Pezzey, J.(1992)。Analysis of unilateral C02 control in the European Community and OECD。The Energy Journal，13(3)，159-71。  new window
6.Safirova, E. K.、Gillingham, I.、Parry, P.、Harrington,、Nelson W.、Mason, D.(2004)。Welfare and distributional effects of read pricing schemes for metropolitan Washington。DC, Research in Transport Economics，9，179-206。  new window
7.Van Heerden, J.、Gerlagh, J.、Blignaut, M.、Horridge, S.、Mabugu, Hess, R.、Mabugu, M.(2006)。Searching for triple dividends in South Africa: fighting C02 pollution and poverty while promoting growth。The Energy j oumal，27，113-141。  new window
8.Verde, S. F.、Tol, R. S. J.(2009)。The distributional impact of a carbon tax in Ireland。The Economic and Social Review，40(3)，317-38。  new window
9.Wier, M.、Birr-Pedersen, K.、Jacobsen, H. K.、Klok, J.(2005)。Are C02 taxes Regressive? Evidence from the Danish experience。Ecological Economics，52，239-251。  new window
10.Zhang, Zhong Xiang、Baranzini, Andrea(2004)。What do we know about carbon taxes? An inquiry into their impacts on competitiveness and distribution of income。Energy Policy，32(4)，507-518。  new window
11.Feldstein, M.(1999)。Tax avoidance and the deadweight loss of the income tax。Review of Economics and Statistics，81(4)，674-680。  new window
12.Bovenberg, A. Lans、Goulder, Lawrence H.(1996)。Optimal Environmental Taxation in the Presence of Other Taxes: General Equilibrium Analyses。The American Economic Review，86(4)，985-1006。  new window
13.Cameron, G.、Hamilton, K.(1994)。Simulating the distributional effects of a Canadian carbon tax。Canadian Public Policy，20(4)，385-399。  new window
14.Barker, T.、Baylis, S.、Madsen, P.(1993)。A UK Carbon/Energy Tax: The Macroeconomic Effects。Energy Policy，21(3)，296-308。  new window
15.Barker, T.、Kohler, J.(1998)。Equity and Ecotax Reform in the EU: Achieving a 10 per cent Reduction in CO2 Emissions Using Excise Duties。Fiscal Studies，19(4)，375-402。  new window
研究報告
1.Fitz Gerald J.、McCoy, D.(1992)。The macroeconomic implications for Ireland。Dublin：The Economic and Social Research Institute。  new window
2.CEF(2011)。Securing a clean energy future。Australian Government。  new window
3.Chapman, B.(20110606)。How Many Jobs is 23,510 Really?。  new window
4.DRI(1991)。The economic impact of a package of EC measures to control C02 emissions。  new window
5.Tiezzi, S.(2001)。The welfare effects of carbon taxation on Italian households。Dipartimento di Economica Politica, Università' degliStudi di Siena。  new window
6.Yusuf, A. A.、Resosudarmo, B.(2007)。On the distributional effect of carbon tax in developing countries: the case of Indonesia。Department of Economics, Padjadjaran University。  new window
圖書
1.Beder, S.(1996)。The nature of sustainable development。Newham, Chapter：Scribe。  new window
2.DCC(2008)。Emissions factors for consumption of purchased electricity by end users。Canberra：DCC。  new window
3.EC(1997)。Tax provisions with a potential impact on environmental protection, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities。Luxembourg：European Commissions (EC)。  new window
4.Gamaut, R.(2008)。The Gamaut climate change review。Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.HIA(20110720)。The Carbon tax- question and answers。Housing Industry Association Limited。  new window
6.OECD(1993)。The costs of cutting carbon emissions: Results from global models。Paris：OECD。  new window
7.Pearson, M.、Smith, S.(1991)。The European carbon tax: an assessment of the European Commission's proposals。London：The Institute of Fiscal Studies。  new window
8.Year Book Australia(2009)。Australian Bureau of Statistics。Canberra。  new window
其他
1.Cox, A.，Stockwell, D.(20110421)。The carbon tax that ate Australia。  new window
2.The Australian(20110614)。Carbon tax will cost 4000 coal jobs。  new window
3.The Sunday Telegraph(20110710)。The price impact of the carbon tax。  new window
4.Yillang(2011)。Australia’s carbon tax to have minor impact on GDP。  new window
5.OECD(2009)。OECD factbook 2009: economic, environmental and social statistics 2012/08/11。  new window
圖書論文
1.Ekins, P.(1998)。Ecological tax reform, environmental policy, and the competiveness of British industry。Policy Briefing。London：Forum for the Future。  new window
2.Poterba, J. M.(1991)。Designing in a carbon tax。Global warming: economic policy response。Cambridge, MA：The MIT Press。  new window
3.Smith, S.(1992)。Distributional effects of a European carbon tax。Nota di Lavoro 22. 92。Milano：Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei。  new window
4.Standaert, S.(1992)。The macro-sectoral effects of an EC-wide energy tax。An energy tax in Europe。Amsterdam。  new window
 
 
 
 
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