Washback Effects of the TOEIC Examination: A Study of Adult Learner's Attitudes Toward English Exams, Learning and Teaching in a TOEIC Preparation Class_

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題名：	Washback Effects of the TOEIC Examination: A Study of Adult Learner's Attitudes Toward English Exams, Learning and Teaching in a TOEIC Preparation Class
書刊名：	朝陽人文社會學刊
作者：	劉子瑛
作者(外文)：	Liu, Tzu-ying
出版日期：	2014
卷期：	12:2
頁次：	頁217-244
主題關鍵詞：	回沖效應；多益；成人學習者；Washback effects；TOEIC；Adult learners
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:4

回沖效應指考試對於老師語言教學與學生學習之影響。研究人員對於回沖效應在教學面有深入研究，但在於學生學習面卻缺乏相關討論。本研究旨在探究多益考試在多益準備班成人學習者所產生的回沖效應。共有15位成人學習者参與本研究，而研究設計是採量化與質化的混和研究方法。研究結果顯示回沖效應在學習面是混和型的，也就是回沖效應對於學習面上可以是正面與負面的影響。研究結果也發現教師與學生本身的因素對於產生的回沖效應類型有更大的影響。基於本研究結果對於回沖效應的了解，如何強化正面的學習回沖效應在結論中也提出建議。

以文找文

＂Washback＂ is the influence of testing on language teaching and learning. Researchers have paid most of their attention to the washback of tests on teaching. Little has been discussed about the influence of testing on learning. The purpose of this paper was to explore the washback effects of the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) on adult learners in a TOEIC preparation class. Fifteen adult learners participated in the study, and the mix-method approach was used for the research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data revealed mixed reactions of washback effects on learning, both positive and negative. The results of the study also suggested that teachers and learners factors had greater impact on types of washback effects. On the basis of current understanding of washback, suggestions for reinforcing positive washback on learning are offered.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Ahmad, S.、Rao, C.(2012)。Examination Washback Effect: Syllabus, Teaching Methodology and the Learners Communicative Competence。Journal of Education and Practice，3(15)，173-183。
2.	Biggs, J. B.(1995)。Assumptions underlying new approaches to assessments。Curriculum Forum，4(2)，1-22。
3.	Cercone, K.(2008)。Characteristics of adult learners with implications for online learning design。AACE journal，16(2)，137-159。
4.	Chihara, T.、Oller, J. W.(1978)。Attitudes and proficiency in EFL: A sociolinguistic study of adult Japanese speakers。Language Learning，28，55-68。
5.	Hilke, R.、Wadden, P.(1997)。The TOEFL and its imitators: analyzing the TOEFL and evaluating TOEFL-prep texts。RELC Journal，28(1)，28-53。
6.	Lane, S.、Parke, C. S.、Stone, C. A.(1998)。A framework for evaluating the consequences of assessment programs。Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice，17(2)，24-28。
7.	Pan, Yi-Ching(2014)。Learner Washback variability in standardized exit tests。The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language，18(2)，1-30。
8.	Pan, Y.-C.、Newfields, T.(2012)。Tertiary EFL proficiency graduation requirements in Taiwan: A study of washback on learning。Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching，9(1)，108-122。
9.	Robb, N. T.(1999)。A study of the Effect of Direct Test Preparation on the TOEIC Scores of Japanese University Students。The electronic Journal for English as a Second Language，3(4)。
10.	Saif, S.(2006)。Aiming for positive washback: A Case study of international teaching assistants。Language Testing，23(1)，1-34。
11.	Tsai, Y.、Tsou, C.(2009)。A standardized English language proficiency test as the graduation benchmark: student perspectives on its application in higher education。Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &Practice，16(3)，319-330。
12.	Alderson, J. Charles、Hamp-Lyons, Liz(1996)。TOEFL preparation courses: A study of washback。Language Testing，13(3)，280-297。
13.	Bailey, K. M.(1996)。Working for washback: a review of the washback concept in language testing。Language Testing，13(3)，257-279。
14.	Cheng, Living(1997)。How does washback influence teaching? Implications for Hong Kong。Language and Education，11(1)，38-54。
15.	Gardner, R. C.、Lambert, W. E.(1972)。Attitudes and motivation in second language learning。Language Learning，23(1)，145-149。
16.	Shih, C. M.(2007)。A new washback model of students' learning。The Canadian Modern Language Review，64(1)，135-162。
17.	Alderson, J. Charles、Wall, Dianne(1993)。Does washback exist?。Applied Linguistics，14(2)，115-129。

會議論文
1.	Wang, Y.、Bao, J.(2013)。Washback Effect on Second Language Acquisition Test: A Case Study of College English Entrance Exam。The International Academic Workshop on Social Science。

學位論文
1.	Jou, C.(2010)。Perceptions of The Test of English For International Communication and its washback effects: A case study at a private university in Taiwan(碩士論文)。Hsuan Chuang University，Taiwan。
2.	Stoneman, B. W. H.(2006)。The impact of an exit English test on Hong Kong undergraduates: A study investigation the effects of test status on students' test preparation behaviours(博士論文)。The Hong Kong Polytechnic University，Hong Kong。

圖書
1.	Houle, C. O.(1996)。The design of education。San Francisco。
2.	Wenden, A. L.(1991)。Learner strategies for learners autonomy: Planning and implementing learner training for language learners。Hertfordshire：Prentice Hall。
3.	Hughes, A.(2003)。The Design of Education。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
4.	Knowles, M. M. S.(1970)。The modern practice of adult education。New York：Association Press。
5.	Baker, C.(1992)。Attitudes and language: Multilingual Matters。Clevedon：Multilingual Matters。
6.	Krashen, Stephen D.(1985)。The input hypothesis: Issues and implications。London：Laredo Publishing。
7.	Merriam, S. B.、Caffarella, R. S.(1999)。Learning in adulthood。San Francisco：Jossey-Bass Publishers。
8.	Shohamy, Elana(1993)。The Power of Tests: The Impact of Language Tests on Teaching and Learning。Washington, DC：The National Foreign Language Center。
9.	Kolb, David A.(1984)。Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development。Prentice-Hall。

其他
1.	Educational Testing Service Taiwan Representative(2011)。Taiwan TOEIC Statistic Report，http://www.toeic.com.tw/toeic_news_page.jsp?type=4。
2.	Educational Testing Service Taiwan Represetative(2012)。Taiwan TOEIC Statistic Report，http://www.toeic.com.tw/newsletter/context.jsp?nid=N20130426&nch=302。

圖書論文
1.	Watanabe, Y.(2004)。Methodology in washback studies。Washback in language testing: Research contexts and methods。
2.	Dulay, Heidi、Burt, Marina(1997)。Remarks on creativity in language acquisition。Viewpoints on English as a second language。New York：Regents。

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