The need to create bioethics emerged in the Russian post-communist society. A medically related profound ethical question of abortion or that of justified distribution of sanitary resources arose. Thus, bioethics in Russia found its roots in medical etchics and clinical bioethics. Its background involves theological reflections based on Orthodox ethics and ethics of the Russian Orthodox Church which has interceded with the Government several times and published its ＂Document on social issues＂, one dealing with bioethics. The author tries to trace the begining of bioethics in the Orthodox theology, moreover the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church, but also attempts to offer theological-ethical backgroud of the Orthodox thought based on the Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition.