After entering the 21st century, Japanese government has attached great importance to the results of international assessments regarding students’ achievements because of the huge controversy on low academic ability caused by policies of “Relaxed Education”. Since 2007, in order to ensure equal opportunity of compulsory education and enhance students’ academic abilities, the government began to implement the “National Assessment of Academic Ability” for sixth grade elementary students and third grade junior high students every year. According to the result of this assessment of 2015, the scores of the last three prefectures in the national ranking have rendered approaching the average during the past three years. It shows Japanese policies of remedial education on improving students’ achievements have been somewhat effective. Therefore, first of all, this study applies historical research and document analysis to review the historical background of introduction of the “National Assessment of Academic Ability”, and clarify the content and development of Japanese policies of remedial education on improving students’ achievement. Based on an analysis of case studies of local governments, this study summarized features, issues and reform movements of policies of remedial education in Japan.