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題名:知覺類別學習中的類別變異效果:以聽覺刺激為例
書刊名:中華心理學刊
作者:吳岳勳楊立行 引用關係
作者(外文):Wu, Yueh-hsunYang, Lee-xieng
出版日期:2016
卷期:58:2
頁次:頁109-126
主題關鍵詞:回饋學習類別學習類別變異效果Feedback learningCategory learningCategory variability effect
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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類別變異效果是指,人們傾向將介於兩類別中間的刺激,分類至變異程度較高的那個類別。過去研究指出範例模型對這個效果無法提供合理解釋,相對地,規則模型則可以,因此這個效果一直是這兩類模型比較的試金石。雖然過去研究時而觀察到此一效果,但由於各研究使用的實驗方法不盡相同,使得我們並不清楚究竟在何種條件下類別變異效果會出現。本研究使用單音刺激進行實驗,嘗試釐清類別變異效果的發生條件。刺激向度為單音頻率,並且透過心理物理函式轉換成心理量(mel)。三個實驗均以典型的回饋學習派典進行。實驗一嘗試瞭解是否可以透過指導語操弄,促使參與者覺察到類別變異程度的差距。結果發現不論有無提示參與者兩類別變異程度有所不同,均沒有發現類別變異效果。實驗二嘗試直接操弄類別變異的差距程度,縮小低變異類別的變異程度,使其成員間距縮小或僅有一個成員,結果均發現顯著的類別變異效果。實驗三則將加大高變異類別的變異程度,結果仍然支持類別變異效果。最後,本研究再根據三個實驗的結果以及前人研究的結果,歸納出一個量化指標D分數,並用於預測類別變異效果,當D大於1時,類別變異效果便會出現,反之則否。本研究結果將有助於未來進行相關研究的參考。
期刊論文
1.Anderson, J. R.、Betz, J.(2001)。A hybrid model of categorization。Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,8,629-647。  new window
2.Ashby, F. G.、Alfonso-Reese, L. A.、Turken, A. U.、Waldron, E. M.(1998)。A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning。Psychological Review,105,442-481。  new window
3.Ashby, F. G.、Lee, W. W.(1991)。Predicting similarity and categorization from identification。Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,120,150-172。  new window
4.Ashby, F. G.、Maddox, W. T.(1992)。Complex decision rules in categorization: Contrasting novice and experienced performance。Journal of Experimental Psychological: Human Perception and Performance,18,50-71。  new window
5.Ashby, F. G.、Maddox, W. T.、Bohil, C. J.(2002)。Observational versus feedback training in rule-based and information-integration category learning。Memory & Cognition,30,666-677。  new window
6.Ashby, F. G.、Townsend, J. T.(1986)。Varieties of perceptual independence。Psychological Review,93,154-179。  new window
7.Cohen, A. L.、Nosofsky, R. M.、Zaki, S. R.(2001)。Category variability, exemplar similarity, and perceptual classification。Memory & Cognition,29,1165-1175。  new window
8.Erickson, M. A.、Kruschke, J. K.(1998)。Rules and exemplars in category learning。Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127,107-140。  new window
9.Erickson, M. A.、Kruschke, J. K.(2002)。Rule-based extrapolation in perceptual categorization。Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,9,160-168。  new window
10.Kruschke, J. K.(1992)。ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning。Psychological Review,99,22-44。  new window
11.Maddox, W. T.、Ashby, F. G.(1993)。Comparing decision bound and exemplar models of categorization。Perception & Psychophysics,53,49-70。  new window
12.Nosofsky, R. M.(1986)。Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship。Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,115,39-57。  new window
13.Nosofsky, R. M.(1987)。Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,13,87-108。  new window
14.Nosofsky, R. M.(1991)。Typicality in logically defined categories: Exemplar-similarity versus rule instantiation。Memory & Cognition,19,131-150。  new window
15.Nosofsky, R. M.、Clark, S. E.、Shin, H. J.(1989)。Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,15,282-304。  new window
16.Nosofsky, R. M.、Johansen, M. K.(2000)。Exemplar-based account of "multiple-systems" phenomenon in perceptual categorization。Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,7,375-402。  new window
17.Nosofsky, R. M.、Palmeri, T. J.、McKinley, S. C.(1994)。Rule-plus-exception model of classification learning。Psychological Review,101,53-79。  new window
18.Rounder, J. N.、Ratcliff, R.(2004)。Comparing categorization models。Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,133,63-82。  new window
19.Sloutsky, V. M.(2010)。From perceptual categories to concepts: What develops?。Cognitive Science,34,1244-1286。  new window
20.Smith, E. E.、Sloman, S. A.(1994)。Similarity-versus rule-based categorization。Memory & Cognition,22(4),377-386。  new window
21.Steinberg, J. C.(1937)。Positions of stimulation in the cochlea by pure tones。The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,8,176-180。  new window
22.Stevens, S. S.、Volkmann, J.、Newman, E. B.(1937)。A scale for the measurement of the psychological magnitude pitch。Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,8,185-190。  new window
23.Stewart, N.、Chater, N.(2002)。The effect of category variability in perceptual categorization。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,28,893-907。  new window
24.Yang, L.-X.、Lewandowsky, S.(2004)。Knowledge partitioning in categorization: Constraints on exemplar models。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,30,1045-1064。  new window
會議論文
1.Aha, D. W.、Goldstone, R. L.(1992)。Concept learning and flexible weighting。The Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society。Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum。534-539。  new window
2.Hsu, A. S.、Griffiths, T. L.(2010)。Effects of generative and discriminative learning on use of category variability。32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society。Austin, TX:Cognitive Science Society。242-248。  new window
3.Sakamoto, Y.、Love, B. C.、Jones, M.(2006)。Tracking variability in learning: Contrasting statistical and similarity-based accounts。The 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society。Vancouver。  new window
圖書論文
1.Rips, L. J.(1989)。Similarity, typicality, and categorization。Similarity and analogical reasoning。New York, NY:Cambridge University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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