Shennong (Shinnō in Japanese) is revered as an ancient sage king and the founder of Chinese medicine in both China and Japan. Shennong belief was introduced to Japan in the medieval period and reached its peak in the Tokugawa period (1603– 1868) when Shennong was extensively worshipped by physicians, pharmacists and Confucian scholars. Both the bakufu and the domains supported the Shennong belief. One of the most interesting characteristics of the Shennong belief in Tokugawa Japan was that Shennong was enshrined in Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples as the manifestation of a Japanese deity and Indian bodhisattva respectively. Based primarily on Tokugawa sources, this study aims to trace the formation of Shennong belief in Tokugawa Japan and to discuss its distinctive features from cross-cultural and comparative perspectives. It demonstrates how Chinese culture was domesticated to fit in the Japanese setting and how Tokugawa Japanese turned Shennong into Shinnō.