A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Mandarin Chinese Learners' Oral Fluency_

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題名：	A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Mandarin Chinese Learners' Oral Fluency
書刊名：	華語文教學研究
作者：	朱我芯／高千文／孫德
作者(外文)：	Chu, Wo-hsin／Kao, Chian-wen／Soemer, Alexander
出版日期：	2018
卷期：	15:3
頁次：	頁21-47
主題關鍵詞：	縱貫性研究；第二語言習得；口語流暢度；Longitudinal study；Second language acquisition；Oral fluency
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:0

本研究探討不同母語背景之華語為二語學習者，其口語流暢度三年變化之發展。透過每年口語測驗所蒐集之語料顯示，受試者從第一年至第二年的構音速度（articulation rates）、填充停頓（filled pauses）、重複語（repetitions）及重起開頭語（false starts）之口語流暢指標有顯著提高，而從第二年至第三年卻只有構音速度指標顯著提高。本研究亦分析華語為二語學習者在口語能力及流暢指標之關係。結果發現，構音速度並非有效區辨高成就與低成就語言學習者之指標，此發現與過往研究結果有所出入。本研究就結果討論語境及教育相關變數對於口語流暢度之影響

以文找文

We assessed the development of oral fluency of Mandarin Chinese learners from different language backgrounds enrolled in an undergraduate program of Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) between their first and third year of study. Analyses of speech data collected during the yearly examinations revealed large increases in articulation rates, filled pauses, repetitions, and false starts from the first to the second year as well as a further increase in articulation rates from the second to the third year. We also replicated typical relationships between CSL learners' speaking proficiency and fluency indicators. Contrary to previous research, we found that the articulation rates do not always serve as a significant fluency indicator to distinguish higher level learners from lower level learners. We will discuss explanations for this pattern related to contextual and educational factors

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Skehan, Peter(2003)。Task-based instruction。Language Teaching，36(1)，1-14。
2.	Skehan, Peter(2009)。Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis。Applied Linguistics，30(4)，510-532。
3.	Iwashita, Noriko、Brown, Annie、McNamara, Tim、O'Hagan, Sally(2008)。Assessed levels of second language speaking proficiency: How distinct?。Applied Linguistics，29(1)，24-49。
4.	Segalowitz, Norman、Freed, Barbara F.(2004)。Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: Learning Spanish in At Home and Study Abroad Contexts。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，26，173-199。
5.	Freed, Barbara F.、Segalowitz, Norman、Dewey, Dan P.(2004)。Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，26(2)，275-301。
6.	Schmidt, Richard(1992)。Psychological mechanisms underlying second language fluency。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，14(4)，357-385。
7.	Griffiths, Roger(1991)。Pausological research in an L2 context: a rationale, and review of selected studies。Applied Linguistics，12(4)，345-364。
8.	Derwing, Tracey M.、Munro, Murray J.、Thomson, Ron I.(2008)。A longitudinal study of ESL learners' fluency and comprehensibility development。Applied Linguistics，29，359-380。
9.	Du, Hang(2013)。The development of Chinese fluency during study abroad in China。The Modern Language Journal，97(1)，131-143。
10.	Lennon, Paul(1990)。Investigating fluency in EFL: a quantitative approach。Language Learning，40，387-417。
11.	Ortega, Lourdes、Iberri-Shea, Gina(2005)。Longitudinal research in second language acquisition: recent trends and future directions。Annual Review of Applied Linguistics，25，26-45。
12.	Bosker, Hans R.、Pinget, Anne-France、Quené, Hugo、Sanders, Ted、De Jong, Nivja H.(2012)。What makes speech sound fluent? The contributions of pauses, speed and repairs。Language Testing，30，159-175。
13.	Chambers, Francine(1998)。What do we mean by fluency?。System，25，535-544。
14.	Chu, Wo-Hsin、Kao, Chian-Wen(2016)。A longitudinal study on international students, Chinese pronunciation developments: A comparison between tone language and non-tone language speakers。Journal of Chinese Language Teaching，13(3)，77-121。
15.	De Jong, Nivja H.、Steinel, Margarita P.、Florijin, Arjen F.、Schoonen, Rob、Hulstijn, Jan H.(2012)。Facets of speaking proficiency。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，34，5-34。
16.	Kahng, Jimin(2014)。Exploring utterance and cognitive fluency of L1 and L2 English speakers: Temporal measures and stimulated recall。Language Learning，64，809-854。
17.	Li, Shuai(2014)。The effects of different levels of linguistic proficiency on the development of L2 Chinese request production during study abroad。System，45，103-116。
18.	Mora, Joan C.、Valls-Ferrer, Margalida(2012)。Oral fluency, accuracy, and complexity in formal instruction and study abroad learning contexts。TESOL Quarterly，46，610-641。
19.	Préfontaine, Yvonne、Kormos, Judit(2015)。The relationship between task difficulty and second language fluency in French: A mixed methods approach。The Modern Language Journal，99，96-112。
20.	Riggenbach, Heidi(1991)。Towards an understanding of fluency: A microanalysis of nonnative speaker conversations。Discourse Processes，14，423-441。
21.	Segalowitz, Norman、Freed, Barbara F.、Collentine, Joe G.、Lafford, Barbara A.、Lazar, Nicole、Díaz-Campos, Manuel A.(2004)。A comparison of Spanish second language acquisition in two different learning contexts: study abroad and the domestic classroom。Frontiers，10，21-38。
22.	Tseng, Shu-Chuan、Soemer, Alexander、Lee, Tzu-Lun(2013)。Tones of reduced T1-T4 syllables。International Journal for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing，18，81-106。
23.	Kormos, Judit、Dénes, Mariann(2004)。Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners。System，32(2)，145-164。

會議論文
1.	De Jong, Nivja H.、Bosker, Hans Rutger(2013)。Choosing a threshold for silent pauses to measure second language fluency。The 6th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech。Stockholm：Royal Institute of Technology。17-20。
2.	Iwashita, Noriko(2010)。Features of oral proficiency in task performance by EFL and JFL learners。The 2008 Second Language Research Forum: Exploring SLA Perspectives, Positions, and Practices。Somerville, MA：Cascadilla Press。32-47。

圖書
1.	Bachman, Lyle F.(2004)。Statistical Analysis for Language Assessment。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
2.	Kormos, Judit(2006)。Speech production and second language acquisition。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。
3.	Cipollone, Nick、Keiser, Steven Hartman、Vasishth, Shravan(1998)。Language Files。Ohio State University Press。
4.	Ortega, Lourdes、Byrnes, Heidi(2008)。The Longitudinal Study of Advanced L2 Capacities。New York：Routledge。
5.	Skehan, Peter(1998)。A cognitive approach to language learning。Oxford University Press。
6.	Anderson, John Robert(1983)。The architecture of cognition。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。

圖書論文
1.	Koponen, Matti、Riggenbach, Heidi(2000)。Overview: Varying perspectives on fluency。Perspectives on fluency。Ann Arbor, MI：The University of Michigan Press。
2.	Skehan, Peter(2014)。Limited attentional capacity, second language performance, and task-based pedagogy。Processing Perspectives on Task Performance。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
3.	Tavakoli, Parveneh、Skehan, Peter(2005)。Strategic planning, task structure and performance testing。Planning and Task Performance in a Second Language。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。

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