Due to differences of views on body, the names and parts of the same person's body parts in ancient and modern times can vary. In a complicated human body system, the lower extremity shows specific levels, detailed codes, and high complexity, which reflect an overall phenomenon. In comparison to other parts, it is a proper medium to observe physical cognition. This study focuses on "Xi Yuan Ji Lu", which is an inspection book in the Song Dynasty, because the book is systematic, organized, and properly recorded the parts of the human body and pictured ancient people's human body images in great detail. We found that codes of lower extremity in "Xi Yuan Ji Lu" fully demonstrate the operation of cognition, such as metaphors among the lower extremity, upper extremity and body; the terms for the lower extremity are metonymy of bones, while they also show ambiguous names. The value of the lower extremity system in the book is shown as follows: (1) It reveals diversity with a combination between historic and new terms, and general language and dialect. (2) It records numerous terms of leg and foot to analyze the difference and similarity as traces of competition. (3) The human body term "four parts of body" is followed by an inspection paper in the Song Dynasty and a body record and body picture in a later period. It is a blueprint for inspection. Based on this blueprint, the follow-up generations indicate lower extremity parts, which require further examination.