本文主要欲研究天主教入華後與儒學的交涉。全文分為兩大部分，第一部分分析《天主實義》第四篇中，代表中國儒家士大夫立場的「中士」與代表天主教的「西士」之問答內容。第二部分以安世鳳﹙約1557生﹚、魏裔介﹙1616-1686﹚、王夫之﹙1619-1692﹚、王嗣槐﹙1620生﹚、勞史﹙1655-1713﹚五個個案，說明上節所論《天主實義》中的問題均出現在這些儒者的論述中。這些儒家士人雖未必與天主教直接交鋒，但透過針對相同問題的論述，呈現明清思想史上另一種儒耶對話的關係。本文認為這個視角可以為研究明清儒耶交涉提供新觀點。

This paper aims to study the interactions between Confucianism and Catholicism during the Ming-Qing periods by firstly, analyze the dialogues between the Chinese literati and the western scholars, respectively representing the stances of Neo-Confucianism and Catholicism in the fourth chapter of the Tianzhu shiyi(The true meaning of the Lord of Heaven). And the second part consists of five case studies, which are the thoughts of An Shifeng (b.1557), Wei Yijie (1616-1686), Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692), Wang Sihuai (b. 1620), and Lao Shi (1655-1713). In each case, it is pointed out that the issues raised in the Tianzhu shiyi, which has been analyzed in the previous part of this paper, were addressed in the Neo-Confucian's discourse. Through pondering similar questions, the Ming-Qing Neo-Confucians continued the dialogues between the Chinese literati and western scholars in the Tianzhu shiyi. Although they did not directly or expressly response to Catholicism, their discourses formed a way of intellectual exchanges with Catholicism. This phenomenon also provides a new perspective for studying the interactions between Chinese Neo-Confucianism and Catholicism.