Change in industry has been achieved mainly by a combination of processes such as TQM and BPE and the movement of personnel, including retirement. The last is an option not open to most libraries, which also face various other obstacles. Change requires good and exciting leadership, a shared vision, radical reviews of functions and processes (in which TQM can help), and intensive involvement of staff in the whole process. Constant challenge and stimulus are need to maintain change. There are encouraging signs that change is occurring more frequently in libraries.