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題名:Exploring the Foundation of a New Curriculum Design for Teaching English in Taiwan
書刊名:國立空中大學社會科學學報
作者:陳達武 引用關係
作者(外文):Chen, Dar-wu
出版日期:1997
卷期:5
頁次:頁99-126
主題關鍵詞:英語課程設計
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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     傳統的英文教學的課程強調正確的英文知識,但成效卻一直不彰,關鍵因素之一可 能是看待語文 (Language) 學習的觀念。傳統的英文教學的課程偏重按步就班的學習,學生 遵循預定的目標逐步學習,教師則依據預定的目標測驗學生學習的成效;這種方式就是成品 導向 (Product-oriented) 的教學方式。 另有一種不同的教學方式: 過程導向 (Process-oriented) 的教學方式。 這種教學方式強調人類學習語文是藉由在學習的過程中 因與四周的環境相交流,密集的接觸該語文而學得的。過程導向教學方式深信語文的成長, 同時包智力 (Intellectual) 和語言 (Linguistic) 的成長。易言之,語文與思想同步、相 互扶持地成長。這二種教學方式最根本的差異在於運用於研究的方法上,成品導向的教學方 式依賴分數 (寫作或英語文測驗的成績 ),如此的依賴學習的結果 (成品 ),很自然的就使 教學與研究偏重於明顯可見的現像,如此的方法並非不可用,而是它無法確知學生在學習時 所面臨的實際的困難。過程導向的教學方式強調從學生實際學習的過程中去瞭解學習的困難 ,因而常採用個案做質的研究,如此的研究方法的說服力較弱,但因為強調瞭解學習的過程 ,其結論倒也不容呼視,如重視學生個別特性的呼聲。將過程導向的教學方式運用在以英文 為外語的學習環境下,它可以提供課程設計另一個選擇。最鮮明的差異可見於英文寫作教學 中,成品導向的教學方式光針對明顯可見的現像,當然專注於如文法、用字、組織、與內容 。過程導向的教學方式則強調製造一個明時增進英文程度與寫作能力的學習過程,協助學生 在如此的過成中成長。在這個學習的過程中,讓學生因為英文程度與寫作能力的提昇而能自 行修正文法與用字等的錯誤。當然,這須要時間,也就是一個過程。如果我們同意英文程度 的提昇是因為密集的接觸英文,而不是因為按步就班式的練習與習作,我們當然應選擇強調 在學習的過程中密集的接觸英文的課程設計。讓學生在學習的過程中成長,而不必在按步就 班的學習中一再直接的教授所謂的正確的英語文的知識。
期刊論文
1.Raimes, A.(1985)。What unskilled writers do as they write: A classroom study of composing。TESOL Quarterly,19(2),229-258。  new window
2.Gumming, Alister(1989)。Writing expertise and second-language proficiency。Language Learning,39(1),81-140。  new window
3.Hairston, M.(1982)。The winds of change: Thomas Huhn and the revolution in the teaching of writing。College Composition and Communication,33(1),76-88。  new window
4.Greenberg, K. L.(1986)。The development and validation of the TOEFL writing test: A discussion of TOEFL Research Reports 15 and 19。TESOL Quarterly,20(3),531-544。  new window
5.Matsuhashi, A.(1981)。Pausing and planning: The tempo of written discourse production。Research in the Teaching of English,15(2),113-134。  new window
6.Lay, N.(1982)。Composing processes of adult ESL learners。TESOL Quarterly,16(3),406。  new window
7.Pianko, Sharon(1979)。A description of the composing of college freshman writers。Research in the Teaching of English,13(1),5-22。  new window
8.Perl, Sondra(1979)。The composing processes of unskilled college writers。Research in the Teaching of English,13(4),317-336。  new window
9.Walker, J.(1968)。Bach, Rembrandt, Milton, and those other cats。English Journal,57(5),631-636。  new window
10.Raimes, A.(1990)。The TOEFL test of written English: Causes for concern。TESQL Quarterly,24(3),427-442。  new window
11.Zamel, Vivian(1976)。Teaching Composition in the ESL Classroom: What We Can Learn from Research in the Teaching of English。TESOL Quarterly,10(1),67-76。  new window
12.Zamel, Vivian(1982)。Writing: The process of discovering meaning。TESOL Quarterly,16(2),195-209。  new window
13.Corder, Stephen P.(1967)。The significance of learners' errors。International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching,5(4),161-170。  new window
學位論文
1.Chen, Dar-Wu(1992)。A study of the relationship of ESL students' English language proficiency and writing expertise and its implications to the curriculum of teaching ESL writing(博士論文)。University of Iowa,Iowa City, IA.。  new window
2.Brooks, E. B.(1985)。Case study of the coin posing processes of five "unskilled" English as a second language college writers(博士論文)。New York University,New York City, N.Y.。  new window
圖書
1.Freedman, A.、Pringle, I.(1980)。Reinventing the rhetorical tradition。Ottawa:The Canadian Council of Teachers of English。  new window
2.Krashen, S. D.(1984)。Writing: Research, theory, and applications。Oxford:Pergamon Press。  new window
3.Merriam, S. B.(1988)。Case study research in education。Thousand Oaks, CA:Jossey-Bass Inc.。  new window
4.Leki, I.(1992)。Understanding ESL writers。Portsmouth, NH:Boyton/Cook Publishers。  new window
5.Piaget, Jean、Inhelder, Barbel(1969)。The psychology of the child。New York:Basic books。  new window
6.Merriam, S. B.(1980)。The Foreign Student in American Graduate Schools。Washington, D.C.:Council of Graduate Schools in the U.S.。  new window
7.Squire, J. R.、Applebee, A. N.(1969)。Teaching English in the United Kingdom。Urbana, Ill:National Council of Teachers of English。  new window
8.Krashen, S. D.(1981)。Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning。New York:Oxford:Pergamon。  new window
9.Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich、Hanfmann, Eugenia、Vakar, Gertrude(1962)。Thought and Language。Cambridge, MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (M. I. T. Press)。  new window
10.Jacobs, H. L.、Zinkgraf, S. A.、Wormuth, D. R.、Hartfiel, V. F.、Hughey, J. B.(1981)。Testing ESL Composition: A Practical Approach。Rowley, Mass.:Newbury House。  new window
11.Ellis, Rod(1985)。Understanding second language acquisition。Oxford University Press。  new window
12.Appiebee, Arthur N.(1974)。Tradition and reform in the teaching of English: A history。Urbana:National Council of Teachers of English。  new window
13.Krashen, Stephen D.(1982)。Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition。Oxford:Permagon Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Jones, S.、Tetroe, J.(1987)。Composing in a second language。Writing in real time: Modelling production processes。New York:Longman。  new window
2.Jones, C. S.(1983)。Attention to rhetorical form while composing in a second language。Proceedings of the Los Angeles second Language Research Forum。Los Angeles:University of California。  new window
3.Lloyd-Jones, P.(1982)。Skepticism about test scores。Notes from the National Testing Network in Writing。New York:Instructional Resource Center, City University of New York.。  new window
4.Odell, L.(1981)。Defining and assessing competence in writing。The nature and measurement of competency in English。Urbana, Ill:National Council of Teachers of English。  new window
5.Widdowson, H. G.(1983)。New starts and different kinds of failure。Learning to write: first language/second language。London, United Kingdom:Longman。  new window
6.Widdowson, H. G.(1981)。The use of literature。On TESOL。Washington, D.C.:TESOL。  new window
 
 
 
 
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