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題名:維根士坦論定義與家族類似(上)
書刊名:哲學與文化
作者:丁福寧 引用關係
作者(外文):Ting, Fu Ning
出版日期:1999
卷期:26:8=303
頁次:頁721-729+788-789
主題關鍵詞:定義家族類似分析概念語言意義DefinitionFamily resemblanceAnalysisConceptLanguageMeaning
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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     家族類似概念是維根士坦針對傳統哲學中對定義的看法所提出的批判。按照維氏的看法,傳統哲學尋找精確和確定的定義的傾向是建立在一個詞或一個概念當告訴我們它所指稱的,從這意義言,邏輯當建立在形上學上。在用語言時,我們共同的錯誤即要了解一字的意義,我們當對該觀念的本質或屬性有著完整的認識,定義當告訴我們事物如何。維氏指出,一字的意義來自它如何被用,各種不同的用法形成一家族,沒有任何確定不變的意義。與其說有什麼共同的,一字的意義有著家族類似性;複雜、相互重疊、交叉的相似以及不相似。鑒於字的各種變換不定的用法,我們無法在一概念的意義上找到什麼確定的,故字是不可定義的。
      The notion of “family resemblance” is one of the ideas with which Wittgenstein criticizes the notion of definition in the traditional philosophies. The tendency to look for sharp and definite definition, according to Wittgenstein, is rooted on the idea that the meaning of a term or a concept is to tell us what the term refers to, hence, logic has its foundation on metaphysics. In using language, the illusion is that in order to understand a word we should have a comprehensive knowledge about the essence or properties of the concept in question. A definition tells how the thing is. Against such an attitude towards definition, Wittgenstein points out that the meaning of a word depends on how the word is used, and the various ways of using a word form a family, i.e. a word can be used without a fixed meaning, it has a family of meanings. Instead of having something in common, the meaning of a word has a family resemblance; a complicated network of similarities overlapping and crisscrossing, and dissimilarities as well. Due to the fluctuating uses of the word, no determinacy may be found in the sense of concept, a fortiori a word is indefinable.
圖書
1.Baker, G. P.、Hacker, P. M. S.(1980)。Wittgenstein: Meaning and Understanding。Oxford:Basil Blackwell。  new window
2.Watts, Isaac(1745)。Logick。London。  new window
3.Reale, Giovanni(1979)。Storia della Filosofia Antica。  new window
4.Huber, Carlo(1988)。Critica del Sapere。Rome:Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana。  new window
5.Locke, John、Nidditch, Peter H.(1975)。An Essay Concerning Human Understanding。Oxford:Claredon Press。  new window
6.Dummett, MichaeI(1992)。Trurh and other Enigmas。London:Duckworth。  new window
7.Frege, G. F.、Austin, J. C.。The Foundation of Arithmetic。Oxford:Blackwell。  new window
8.Russell, Bertrand(1985)。The principles of mathematic。London:George Allen&Unwin。  new window
9.T. S. Baynes(1851)。The Port-Royal Logic(Te Art of Thinking)。Sutherland:Knox, Edinburgh。  new window
10.Aristotele。Metafisica。  new window
圖書論文
1.Bambrough, Renford(1968)。Universals and Family Resemblances。Wittgenstein: The Philosophical Investigations。Notre Dame:Univ. of Notre Dame Press。  new window
2.McLaverty, James(1995)。From Definition to Explanation: Locke's Influence on Johnson's Dictionary。Language and the History of Thought。Rochester:Univ. of Rochester Press。  new window
3.Miel, Jan(1995)。Pascal, Port-Royal, and Cartesian Linguistics。Language and the History of Thought。Rochester:Univ. of Rochester Press。  new window
4.Leibniz, G. W.(1951)。Dialogue on the Connection between Things and Words。Leibniz: Selections。New York:Scribner's。  new window
5.Sluga, Hans(1997)。Frege on Meaning。The Rise of Analytic Philosophy。Oxford:Blackwell。  new window
6.Schlick, M.(1949)。Meaning and Verification。Reading in Philosophical Analysis。New York。  new window
7.Hacker, P. M. S.(1997)。The Rise of Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy。The Rise of Analytic Philosophy。Oxford:Blackwell。  new window
 
 
 
 
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