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題名:基於選擇實驗方法的北京市空氣質量價值評估
書刊名:中國人口.資源與環境
作者:全世文
出版日期:2017
卷期:2017(9)
頁次:46-55
主題關鍵詞:空氣質量選擇實驗價值評估成本效益分析霧霾Air qualityChoice experimentEvaluationCost benefit analysisHaze
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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科學地評估空氣質量的經濟價值是政府制定空氣污染治理政策的必要前提。近年來選擇實驗方法逐漸興起,并被研究者廣泛應用于環境價值評估。與其他陳述偏好方法相比,選擇實驗的一個優勢是其具有更高的外部效度。選擇實驗方法在國內的應用研究尚處在起步階段。本研究分別在2015年和2016年對北京市居民開展了兩次基于選擇實驗方法的網絡調查,在調查數據的基礎上采用隨機參數Logit和廣義多元Logit模型分析了北京市居民對空氣質量的偏好,并據此估算了空氣質量價值。根據2015年樣本的估算結果,霧霾天氣(PM2.5超標)和沙塵天氣(PM10超標)對北京市居民的平均邊際價值分別為6.32元/d和2.69元/d;根據2016年樣本的估算結果,兩個價值分別為7.72元/d和2.81元/d。上述估算結果在兩次調查樣本中基本穩定,而且,在多種模型設定下都具有較強的穩健性,與近年來的同類研究結果基本一致。以2016年樣本的估算結果為基礎,2015年北京市霧霾天氣和沙塵天氣引起的價值損失分別為239.61億元和45.13億元,占北京市當年GDP總量的1.04%和0.20%。進一步研究發現,北京市2015年和2016年空氣質量改善的價值均低于北京市政府同年用于治理空氣污染投入的財政資金總量,說明資金使用效率有待進一步提高;此外,雖然空氣質量對高收入居民具有更高的價值,但是,以收入水平為指標設計的累進稅率并不比固定稅率更優。
The scientific evaluation of air quality is a prerequisite for the government to develop air pollution control policies. In recent years,choice experiment has been increasingly used to measure environmental values. Compared with other stated preference methods,the higher external validity is an important advantage of choice experiment. At present,several foreign studies have evaluated air quality in different regions by using choice experiment. By contrast,the application of choice experiment in China is still in its infancy. The aim of this paper is to add new empirical evidence on air quality evaluation in Beijing by using the method of choice experiment.Specifically,we design a choice experiment regarding air quality and conduct two online surveys on Beijing residents respectively in 2015 and 2016. According to the survey data,we use random parameter logit model and generalized multinomial logit model to elicit individual’s preference on air quality,and thus estimate the value of air quality. According to the sample in 2015,the mean marginal values of one hazy day( i.e. with excess PM2.5) and one sandy/dusty day( i.e. with excess PM10) are respectively 6.32 yuan and 2. 69 yuan. And according to the sample in 2016,the corresponding marginal values are respectively 7. 72 yuan and 2. 81 yuan. Above estimates are basically stable in the two survey samples,and remain robust in different model specifications,and also keep consistent with results of relevant studies. Consequently,Beijing’s hazy and sand-dust weather in 2015 leads to losses respectively worth 23.96 billion yuan and 4. 51 billion yuan,namely 1. 04% and 0. 20% of GDP. We further find that the economic values of air quality improvement in 2015 and 2016 are all considerably lower than Beijing’s fiscal input on controlling air pollution,indicating that the efficiency of fiscal fund should be further improved. Besides,although income has a significantly positive impact on individual-level air quality value,we do not find progressive tax rate is obviously better than flat tax rate.
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