基於2003—2013年10年間中國社會狀況綜合調查(CSS)和中國綜合社會調查(CGSS)9萬多城鄉居民樣本,剖析中國人階層自我定位的結構特徵和影響因素。研究發現,10年來中國人的階層自我定位穩定地呈保齡球狀:"低位認同"者占據調查對象大半,且這一比例明顯高於大多數國家。在個體層面,10年間教育、收入和職業等客觀指標對階層自我定位的凈效應較小且逐漸弱化;主觀流動感知與階層自我定位的關聯較強,但這10年中"向上流動感"的拉動作用有所降低。在巨集觀層面,經濟增長速度並不能提升階層自我定位,而收入不平等對階層定位具有明顯的負面效應。研究結果進一步揭示了社會轉型期抑制收入差異和擴大流動機會對於提升公眾"獲得感"的重要意義。

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rural residents from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)and China General Social Survey(CGSS)for 2003 to 2013,we analyzed the structural character and influencing factors underlying Chinese social class self-positioning.Our findings indicate that over the past decade,such self-positioning has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin:Those who identify with a low position account for more than half of respondents,a higher proportion than in most countries.At the individual level,the net effect on self-positioning of such objective indicators as education,income and occupation has been smaller and has gradually weakened over the past 10 years.The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and social class self-positioning has grown stronger,but the role of"perceptions of upward mobility"weakened over the period.At the macrolevel,the tempo of economic growth has failed to raise the level of self-positioning,and the effect of income inequality has been markedly negative.Our research findings further demonstrate the degree to which curbing the income gap and increasing mobility opportunities are important for increasing the public’s "sense of benefit"during the period of social transformation.