市民社會批判是黑格爾《法哲學原理》中的一個重要主題。這種批判體現為對政治經濟學原則的反思,力圖達到對以個體勞動與商品交換為基礎的現代社會體系的改造,以實現個體發展與社會總體發展的一致,黑格爾的國家理論正是在這個意義上提出來的。對黑格爾國家學說的批判,使馬克思意識到必須對市民社會進行批判,這既需要對政治經濟學的原則加以反思,又需要對產生政治經濟學的現實進行批判。在這個過程中,馬克思的思想經歷了從生產邏輯向資本邏輯的轉變,實現了對黑格爾哲學的超越。這種超越的根本點在于面對市民社會的態度:在黑格爾看來,理性的國家可以解決市民社會的問題,這是一種"修正"式的市民社會批判;而在馬克思看來,以資本邏輯為內核的市民社會,不可能解決自身的矛盾,因此必須在新的基礎上重建個人自由而全面發展的聯合體。

The critique of civil society is a crucial subject in Elements of the Philosophy of Right,Hegel’s reflection on the principles of political economy.In this work Hegel aims to reform the modern social system,which is based on individual labor and commodity exchange,and to unite the development of individuals and society as a whole.In this sense,Hegel proposed a theory of the state.In his Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,Marx realizes that it is necessary to criticize civil society.This task requires both a critique of principles and of the original reality of political economy.In this process,Marx’s thought transcends the philosophy of Hegel through a transformation from production logic to capital logic.The key to Marx’s transcendence is his attitude towards civil society:in Hegel’s view,a rational state can solve the problems of civil society,whereas Marx indicates that civil society,whose core is capital logic,cannot solve its own problems.Therefore,the unity of fully developed and free individuals must be rebuilt on new foundations.