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題名:理解“Einfühlung”的四條進路--以利普斯為核心的考察
書刊名:哲學研究
作者:張浩軍
出版日期:2021
卷期:2021(10)
頁次:107-117+129
主題關鍵詞:同感同情他人道德
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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從西方哲學史和思想史的演進歷程來看,對"Einfühlung"的理解形成了四條基本進路:(1)同感美學;(2)同感心理學;(3)同感倫理學;(4)同感現象學。這四條進路并非外在并列的關系,而是內在地關聯在一起。利普斯把同感分為審美同感和實踐同感,前者導向的是同感美學,后者導向的則是同感心理學和同感倫理學。同感心理學和同感倫理學有一個共同的指向:他人。胡塞爾批判地繼承了利普斯的同感概念,在實踐同感的向度上構建了一門以他人問題為核心的同感現象學,但同感現象學僅限于認識論,而不涉及倫理學。利普斯把同感理解為自我的投射或移置,從根本上否認了他人的存在,從而也使其利他主義的倫理學陷入了悖論。胡塞爾在承認他人之絕對他異性和外在性的前提下,將同感理解為對他人及其體驗的經驗。雖然同感現象學也存在諸多問題,但其對同感之本質的理解具有相當的合理性,對于利普斯的同感理論可以起到必要的校正和糾偏作用。
Einfühlung is an important concept in aesthetics,psychology,ethics,and phenomenology. It is typically translated as 共情,移情,移感,or 同感 among other forms in Chinese. The difference in its Chinese translations is rooted in differences in its usage,which in turn takes its root in the intellectual historical and hermeneutic tradition. From the perspective of Western philosophical and intellectual history,four basic approaches to the understanding of Einfühlung have been developed,namely,( 1) Aesthetics of Empathy;( 2) Psychology of Empathy;( 3) Ethics of Empathy; and( 4) Phenomenology of Empathy. These four approaches are not externally juxtaposed,but internally correlated. Lipps breaks empathy down into aesthetic empathy and practical empathy,with the former leading to Aesthetics of Empathy and the latter leading to Psychology of Empathy and Ethics of Empathy. Psychology of Empathy and Ethics of Empathy have a shared direction,namely,the Other or the alter ego. Husserl critically inherits Lipps ’ concept of empathy,and constructs Phenomenology of Empathy centering on the problem of the Other in the dimension of practical empathy,but Phenomenology of Empathy is limited only to epistemology,without involving ethics. Lipps takes empathy as the projection or transposition of the ego,and fundamentally denies the existence of the Other,thus making the ethics of altruism fall into a paradox. Acknowledging the absolute alterity and externality of the Other as a premise,Husserl takes empathy as the Erfahrung of the Other,and that of their Erlebnis.Although Phenomenology of Empathy also has certain problems,its understanding of the essence of empathy is quite reasonable,and it can play a necessary role in calibrating and correcting Lipps’ theory of empathy.
 
 
 
 
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