Büchner’s critical spirit within Woyzeck is the most representative feature of it as a work of modern art,but the uncertainty of the text structure and the complexity of the semantics lead to multiple dimensions of its critical implications. Social and political criticism is the most obvious dimension of its significance,which shows the ruthless oppression of society on the underclass. A second dimension is a broader socio-cultural criticism,including doubts about the ethical value of a"civilized"society and the revelation of modern mental illness. The author finally leads the audience to a philosophical criticism on the significance of life and individual existence. With three theatre cases staged in contemporary China and Germany,this article also examines the specific presentations of its critical implications in theatre practice.