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題名：日軍南京暴行與羅斯福的反應
書刊名：歷史研究
作者：楊夏鳴／王衛星
作者(外文)：Yang, Xiaming／Wang, Weixing
出版日期：2015
卷期：2015(5)
頁次：39-55+190-191
主題關鍵詞：日本侵華戰爭；南京暴行；美國；羅斯福
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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1937年9月下旬日軍對南京地區的轟炸高潮后不久,羅斯福發表了著名的"隔離演說",暗示要對日本實行制裁。在"隔離演說"的鼓舞下,國聯代表大會通過了譴責日本違反《九國公約》和《非戰公約》條約義務的決議。"帕奈"號事件后,羅斯福以此為契機,制定了封鎖日本、對日本實行禁運的戰略。1938年1月,在收到反映日軍暴行的電報后,羅斯福指示向媒體透露日軍暴行,考慮凍結日本在美國的財產,試圖以此扭轉美國孤立主義的傾向。盡管羅斯福對日軍暴行作出了反應,但在具體落實時卻顯得十分謹慎、拖延和克制,其主要原因是受到孤立主義思潮的制約、國會反對意見的影響,同時,影響美國民意的策略、羅斯福個人領導風格等也是重要的因素。美日最終走向戰爭的具體誘因之一是美國逐步對日本實行石油、廢鋼鐵等物資的禁運及凍結日本在美國的資產,這實際上是羅斯福"隔離"戰略的落實,而"隔離"戰略的產生在很大程度上源于日本的侵華戰爭,特別是日軍的南京暴行。
Shortly after the climax of the bombing of Nanjing by the Japanese naval air service in late September 1937,Roosevelt made his famous "Quarantine Speech," hinting at sanctions against Japan.Inspired by this speech,the League of Nations General Assembly passed a resolution accusing Japan of violating its obligations under the NinePower Treaty and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.Roosevelt then took the opportunity presented by the USS Panay Incident to formulate a strategy of imposing a blockade and a trade embargo on Japan.In January 1938,after receiving cables reporting the Japanese atrocities in Nanjing,he decided to reveal this news to the media,and considered freezing Japan’s assets in the US in an attempt to reverse American isolationist tendencies.In spite of his personal response to the Japanese outrages,Roosevelt was cautious,restrained and slow to move in implementing these measures.This was mainly because of the constraints of isolationist trends and Congressional opposition,as well as the important factors of tactics influencing American public opinion and Roosevelt’s own leadership style.One reason for the outbreak of war between the US and Japan was the gradual intensification of the US embargo on exports of oil,scrap iron and steel and other goods and raw materials to Japan and the freezing of Japanese assets in the US.This was,in effect,the implementation of Roosevelt’s "quarantine" strategy,which largely derived from Japan’s invasion of China,and especially from the Japanese atrocities in Nanjing.
期刊論文
1.Borg, Donnhy(194709)。Notes on Roosevelt's 'Quarantine' Speech。Political Science Quarterly，72(3)，413-417。  new window
2.Haight, Jr. John McV.(196204)。Roosevelt and the Aftermath of the Quarantine Speech。The Review of Politics，24(2)，238。  new window
3.Pratt, Lawrence(1971)。The Anglo-American Naval Conversations on the Far East of January 1938。International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-)，47(4)，760-763。  new window
4.Masland, John W.(194105)。American Attitudes toward Japan。Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science，215，160-162。  new window
5.Wright, Quincy、Nelson, Carl J.(193901)。American Attitudes toward Japan and China 1937-38。The Public Opinion Quarterly，3(1)，52。  new window
6.Watt, Donald(1973)。Roosevelt and Neville Chamberlain: Two Appeasers。International Journal，28(2)，195。  new window
7.Boothe, Leon E.(1972)。The Brussels Conference and Conflict with Japan。World Affairs，135(3)，257。  new window
8.Doenecke, Justus D.(197704)。Non-interventionism of the Left: The Keep America out of the War Congress, 1938-41。Journal of Contemporary History，12(2)，221。  new window
9.Harrison, Richard A.(198802)。A Neutralization Plan for the Pacific: Roosevelt and Anglo-American Cooperation, 1934-1937。Pacific Historical Review，57(1)，70。  new window
10.McKechney, John(196304)。The Pearl Harbor Controversy: A Debate among Historians。Monumenta Nipponica，18(1)，47。  new window
學位論文
1.Cams, Neil S.(1970)。A Far Eastern Munich: Appeasement by Omission(碩士論文)。  new window
圖書
1.Blum, John Morton(1959)。From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938。Boston：Houghton Mifflin。  new window
2.張憲文(2012)。南京大屠殺全史。南京：南京大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.張憲文(2005)。南京大屠殺史料集。南京：江蘇人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.Wells, Sumner(1950)。Seven Decisions That Shaped History。New York：Harper。  new window
5.Divine, Robert A.(1962)。The Illusion of Neutrality。Chicago：The University of Chicago Press。  new window
6.Ickes, Harold L.(1954)。The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes。New York：Simon and Schuster。  new window
7.Roosevelt, Elliott(1950)。F. D. R.: His Personal Letters, 1928-1945。New York：Dull, Sloan and Pearce。  new window
8.Perkins, Francis(1946)。The Roosevelt I Knew。New York：Viking Press。  new window
9.Hull, Cordell(1948)。The Memoirs of Cordell Hull。New York：Macmillan Co.。  new window
其他
1.昭和12年8月15日南京攻擊戦鬥詳報((2)支那事變50)。  延伸查詢new window
2.第二聯合航空隊戦鬥詳報(昭和12年9月-昭和12年12月)((二)支那事變39)。  延伸查詢new window
3.Diplomatic Message Translation, RG 457(190/37/13/01, Box 286)。  new window
圖書論文
1.(1954)。The Ambassador in Japan(Grew) to the Secretary of State United States Department of State。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 3, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
2.(1954)。The Commander of the United States Yangtze Patrol (Marquart) to the Chief of Naval Operations (Leahy)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
3.(1954)。The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 3, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
4.(1997)。南京市長馬超俊就本市被日機空襲損傷情況致行政院呈文(1937年11月4日)。侵華日軍南京大屠殺檔案。南京：江蘇古籍出版社。  延伸查詢new window
5.(1954)。The Consul General at Shanghai (Gauss) to the Secretary of State。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
6.(1943)。Resolution Adopted by the League of Nations Advisory Committee on Sep. 27, 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
7.(1943)。Press Release by the Department of State on Sep. 28, 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
8.(1943)。Address Delivered by President Roosevelt at Chicago on Oct. 5。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
9.(1954)。The Ambassador in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State (Oct. 9, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937 , vol. 3, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
10.(1954)。The Chinese Ambassador (C. T. Wang) to President Roosevelt (Oct. 11, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 3, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
11.(1954)。The Charge in France (Wilson) to the Secretary of State (Oct. 7, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 1, General。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
12.(1954)。The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Davies) to the Secretary of State (Oct. 18, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937 ,vol. 4, The Far Eas。Washingto：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
13.(1943)。First Report Adopted by the League of Nations Assembly on Oct. 6 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-4。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
14.(1943)。Second Report Adopted by the League of Nations Assembly on Oct. 6, 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-4。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
15.(1934)。Press Release Issued by the Department of State on Oct. 6, 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
16.(1954)。The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State (Oct. 27, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
17.(1954)。The Chairman of the American Delegation (Davis) to the Secretary of State (Nov. 10, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
18.(1943)。Summary of Events at Nanking Between Nov. 21 and Dec. 10, 1937。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
19.(1954)。The Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Acheson) to the Secretary of State (Dec. 9, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
20.(1954)。The Ambassador in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State (Dec. 11, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
21.(1954)。The Consul General at Shanghai (Gauss) to the Secretary of State (Dec. 13, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
22.(1943)。The Commander in Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet (Yarnell) to Secretary of the Navy (Dec. 23, 1937)。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
23.(1943)。The Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Acheson) to Secretary of State (Dec. 21, 1937)。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931­-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
24.(1943)。Memorandum by the Secretary of State (Dec. 13, 1937)。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
25.(1938)。Sir R. Lindsay (Washington) to Mr. Eden (Received Dec. 18, 9. 30 am)。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, vol. 22, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27。  new window
26.(1938)。Note from Sir J. Simon to Mr. Chamberlain。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Series 2, vol.21, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27, 1938。  new window
27.(1943)。The Third Secretary of Embassy in China (Allison) to the Secretary of State (Jan. 18, 1938)。Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan: 1931-­41。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
28.(1954)。The Ambassador in Japan (Grew) to the Secretary of State (Jan. 19, 1938)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, vol. 3, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
29.(1955)。President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
30.(1954)。The Consul General at Shanghai (Gauss) to the Secretary of State。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
31.(1954)。President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
32.(1954)。The Secretary of State to President Roosevelt (Feb. 3, 1938)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
33.(1954)。The Secretary of State to the Ambassador (Grew) in Japan (Feb. 3, 1938)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
34.(1938)。Sir R. Clive (Brussels) to Mr. Eden (Received Nov. 11)。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, vol.21, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27, 1938。  new window
35.(1938)。Sir R. Lindsay (Washington) to Mr. Eden (Received Nov. 7, 10 am)。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, vol.21, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27, 1938。  new window
36.(1938)。Sir R. Clive (Brussels) to Mr. Eden (Received Nov. 23)。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, vol.21, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27, 1938。  new window
37.(1954)。The Secretary of State to the Chairman (Davis) of the American Delegation (Nov. 21, 1937)。Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937, vol. 4, The Far East。Washington：United States Government Printing Office。  new window
38.(1938)。Sir R. Clive (Brussels) to Mr. Eden (Received Nov. 3, 9 pm)。Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, vol. 21, Far Eastern Affairs, November 6, 1936-July 27, 1938。  new window
 
 
 
 
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