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題名:探討企業網絡的結構鑲嵌對集團產業多角化以及核心母公司國際化之效應:以台灣集團企業為例
作者:陳膺郁
作者(外文):Ying-Yu Chen
校院名稱:臺灣大學
系所名稱:國際企業學研究所
指導教授:趙義隆
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:結構鑲嵌小世界網絡結構產業多角化國際化創新能力集團企業Structural EmbeddednessSmall World NetworkDiversificationInternationalizatioInnovationsInnovative CapabilityBusiness Group
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本研究以台灣集團企業為研究對象,研究議題為集團企業網絡在結構鑲嵌的係絡( context)下,探討集團企業的小世界網絡結構對整體集團的產業(非相關)多角化、國際化,甚或對集團核心母公司的創新能力、績效、以及國際化等經濟績效是否產生相關性影響,透過社會學網絡理論當中小世界現象以及結構鑲嵌的研究概念,此研究議題成功結合社會學及管理學的理論視野。
因集團企業為新興經濟體所特有的一種組織形式,特別是在亞洲國家(例如:韓國、日本、台灣等),因此,有關集團企業的研究,自2000年以來,許多國內外學者已陸陸續續發表與此研究議題相關之論文,過去研究所觸及之議題多數為隸屬集團企業之分子公司相較於非隸屬集團企業之一般公司,其績效之差異;然而,本研究係分別從集團企業層次、跨層次(集團對核心母公司)、以及核心母公司等三個層次,來探討集團企業在結構鑲嵌的係絡下,透過小世界的網絡結構,在此三個層次所產生之影響,此部分為過去研究所較少觸及;此外,過去傳統經濟學者也認為,組織的社會行為對其經濟績效的影響實為有限,本研究因此試圖從結構鑲嵌所產生的組織社會行為來探討其對組織經濟績效之影響,期對傳統論點有新的研究發現。在理論部分本研究主要引用網絡理論(Network Theory)以及國際化新進程理論(New Uppsala Internationalization Model)作為研究之理論背景,相信本研究成果必能對管理及社會學之相關領域,產生重要之理論貢獻。
本論文研究的研究對象,就集團層次而言,以台灣百大集團企業為研究對象,扣除金控類之相關集團共計有78家集團企業,5267家分子公司,共計跨16個不同產業;就核心母公司層次而言,則以與78家集團相對應之核心母公司為研究探討對象。研究方法則採用社會網絡分析軟體(UCINET)以及迴歸分析等方式進行研究資料分析。
從研究發現來看,首先,就集團層次而言,小世界的網絡結構型態與產業(非相關)多角化呈正相關,集團產業多角化在小世界的網絡結構與整體集團國際化程度之間具中介效果,此外,家族企業的控制力對集團的產業多角化以及國際化,並未產生干擾效果,此議題未來可再做進一步探討。第二,就跨層次(集團對核心母公司)的效果而言,集團的小世界網絡結構與核心母公司的創新能力以及國際化程度皆呈正相關,此結果呼應了本研究所運用之網絡理論以及國際化新進程理論之相關論述。在結構鑲嵌效應下,集團分子企業充分運用網絡中的社會資源進行訊息分享及交換,不僅有利於整體集團的國際化,對核心母公司而言,整體集團網絡就如同一個資源交換系統,就過去傳統國際企業進程理論(the Traditional Uppsala Internationalization Process Model)所論述,廠商若要往海外市場擴展,最好必須擁有其獨特的資源或能力優勢,程序上通常會先從出口、設立海外業務代表等風險較低的海外進入模式,再進而到設立海外分公司,其國際化進程為循序漸進的模式;然而,對集團企業而言,其透過集團網絡鑲嵌效應,該資源交換系統內的分子公司因存在信任、互惠、以及認同感,會較願意進行資源及訊息分享,核心母公司也藉由集團的網絡系統,取得其所需的經驗及知識,加速其國際化發展,此即印證了國際化新進程理論的論點。第三,就核心母公司層次而言,本研究發現,核心母公司的研發投入與國際化程度呈正相關,但卻與其績效表現無關。本研究結果驗證了集團的小世界網絡結構在結構鑲嵌的係絡下,不論對集團或核心母公司,都產生了重要的效應。本研究結果同時也證明了組織的社會行為確實對組織經濟績效產生重要影響。
This study employs ownership linkage as a dyadic tie in a business group and investigates how diversified business groups and their economic outcomes may be derived from the network structure. I tested my research model by incorporating business groups and focal firms from different databases, which included 5,267 affiliated firms in 78 Taiwanese business groups and 78 corresponding focal firms in these groups, representing 16 industries in Taiwan. Using lagged, cross-sectional regression models, this study extends the prior business group literature from the network perspective and new Uppsala internationalization model. I investigated the previously untested role of group structure by using a small world network as the proxy to verify the small world network relationship with group diversification, focal firm innovations, and internationalization, which were confirmed to be positive. Drawing on social network theory, this study finds that small world structure can facilitate group diversification. Group diversification was also tested and found to mediate the relationship between small world structure and the degree of internationalization of the group. In the cross-level dimension, small world network structure of the group is related to a focal firm’s innovations and its degree of internationalization. These results support our theoretical arguments. However, small world network structure of the group is not related to focal firm performance. In the focal firm dimension, the firm’s innovative capability is related to its degree of internationalization, but not related to its performance. The empirical evidence supports social relationships have an influential impact on economic outcomes in this study.
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