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題名：英雄意象的重構與羅馬帝國和平：維吉爾《伊尼亞斯紀》作為隱喻式政治綱領
作者：莊方旗
作者(外文)：Fang-Chi Chuang
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：政治學研究所
指導教授：陳思賢
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2014
主題關鍵詞：維吉爾；荷馬；盧克萊修；虔敬；命運；羅馬和平；英雄意象；Virgil；Homer；Lucretius；pietas；fortuna；pax Romana；heroism
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本文以古羅馬詩人維吉爾(Virgil)的史詩《伊尼亞斯紀》(Aeneid)為研究文本。
本詩在執政者奧古斯都的授意下創作，具有民族史詩和政治行動的意涵，同時在維吉爾的個人關懷下，讓《伊尼亞斯紀》充滿個人與社群衝突的張力。在結局突兀以及帝國迷夢的隱喻下，使本詩千百年來保有矛盾與迷濛的詮釋空間。本文除嘗試對維吉爾臨終前打算焚毀手稿的原因提出解釋外，並主張維吉爾於詩中實總結了希臘羅馬文明的世界觀，以重新塑造羅馬人的靈魂：在神話與文明、宗教與諸神的主題交錯下，個人須面對命運限制的終極命題。
在此解釋前提下，本文嘗試申明維吉爾在史詩中乃隱含了兩個政治綱領：帝國和平與英雄重構。帝國和平是詩人對羅馬民族的型塑，以及賦與羅馬人開創帝國、安定天下的使命；英雄重構是以傳統德行虔敬(pietas)重新定義英雄形象。維吉爾筆下的英雄是敬天事人，忍辱負重，以國家和同胞為念，推翻了希臘史詩追求個人榮譽，燃燒生命的英雄觀。他勾勒的領袖是以大局為重，值得帝國子民崇尚和效法，此創作方向符合了奧古斯都的政策宣導，以及隱含了詩人對統治者和再造黃金時代的期待。
This research argues that Virgil’s Aeneid as a national epic was also meant to be a political act imposed upon the imperial Romans. As the poet’s chief concern, this epic revealed tensions between the citizen and the political community. For centuries the sudden denouement and a false dream of empire as metaphor left ambiguous rooms for interpretations Among one of the themes, this dissertation tries to explain why Virgil had wanted to burn the epic’s manuscripts before he died. Also, it is my contention that Virgil carried the whole classical tradition of the origin of civilization on his back when he endeavored to recast and reshape the Roman souls.His concluded from themes of legends and of religions, and tales of civilizations and of Olympian Gods, that after all one should recognize the yoke of Fate(Fortuna).
I contend that two political metaphors are implied in the Aeneid: Pax Romana and a redefined Heroism. The former meant first to mold Roman identity, and then to suggest the mission of universal peace under the rule of the Roman empire. The Latter was concerned with redefining Heroism by pietas. Pietas meant being loyal to Gods and dutiful to family and peoples. Virgil left behind the image of Greek heroes who were devoted to gaining eternal fame even to death. Instead he portrayed a new hero as the model for the Roman people to emulate and adore. The epic indeed accorded with the Augustan imperial policies and implied the poet’s expectations for the revival of a Golden Age .
一、原典譯本
1.Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro)
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2.Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero)
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3.Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus)
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4.Homer
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5.古代撰寫之羅馬史
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二、Virgil相關研究
*期刊縮寫：
AJP：American Journal of Philology
CA：Classical Antiquity
CP：Classical Philology
CQ：The Classical Quarterly
CR：The Classical Review
CW：The Classical World
CSCA：California Studies in Classical Antiquity
G&;R：Greece and Rome
GRBS：Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
HSCP：Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
ICS：Illinois Classical Studies
P&;P：Past and Present
TAPA：Transactions of the American Philological Association(1974-); Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association(1897-1972)



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Poe, Joe Park.1965. “Success and Failure in the Mission of Aeneas.” TAPA 96: 321-336.
Poschl, Viktor. 1962. The Art of Vergil: Image and Symbol in the “Aeneid”. Trans. Gerda Seligson. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Putnam, Michael C.J. 1962. “Unity and Design in Aeneid V.” HSCP 66:205-239.
Putnam, Michael C.J. 1970. “Aeneid VII and the Aeneid.” AJP 91(4): 408-430.
Putnam, Michael C.J. 1988. The Poetry of the Aeneid. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Putnam, Michael C.J. 1995. Virgil''s Aeneid : Interpretation and Influence. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Putnam, Michael C.J. 1998. Virgil’s Epic Designs: Ekphrasis in the Aeneid. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Quinn, Kenneth. 2006.Virgil’s Aeneid: A Critical Description. Bristol Phoenix Press.
Rabel, Robert J. 1981. “Vergil, Tops, and the Stoic View of Fate.” CJ 77(1): 27-31.
Rebert, Homer Franklin. 1928. “The Felicity and Infelix in Virgil’s Aeneid.” TAPA 59: 57-71.
Reckford, Kenneth J. 1961. “Tragedy in Aeneid VII, 1-285.” AJP 82(3): 252-269.
Reed, J. R. 2007. Virgil''s Gaze: Nation and Poetry in the Aeneid. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rosenmeyer, Thomas G.1960. “Virgil and Heroism: Aeneid XI.” CJ 55(4):159-164.
Ross, David O.2007.Virgil’s Aeneid: A Reader’s Guide. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Rudd, W.J.N. 1983. “The Idea of Empire in the Aeneid.” Hermathena 134:35-50.
Ryberg, Inez Scott. 1958. “Vergil’s Golden Age.” TAPA 89:112-131.
Schlunk, Robin R. 1974. The Homeric Scholia and the Aeneid. Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press.
Segal, Charles. 1965. “Aeternum per Saecula Nomen,the Golden Bough and the Tragedy of History :Part I.” Arion 4(4):617-657.
Segal, Charles. 1966. “Aeternum per Saecula Nomen,the Golden Bough and the Tragedy of History :Part II.” Arion 5(1):34-72.
Segal, Charles. 1981. “Art and the Hero: Participation, Detachment, and Narrative Point of View in Aeneid 1.” Arethusa 14(1): 67-83.
Segal, Charles. 1990. “Dido’s Hesitation in Aeneid 4.” CW 84(1):1-12.
Sellar, W.Y. 1883. The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: Virgil. Whitefish, M.T.: Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
Sills, Kenneth C.M. 1914. “The Idea of Universal Peace in the Works of Virgil and Dante.” CJ 9(4):139-153.
Slaughter, M.S. 1917. “Virgil:An Interpretation.” CJ 12(6):359-377.
Slavitt, David R. 1991.Virgil. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Smith, Rebekah M. 2000. “Aeneid 10.515: A Flash of Vision.” CW 94(1):47-52.
Smith, Riggs Alden. 2005. The Primacy of Vision in Virgil''s Aeneid. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Smith, Riggs Alden. 2011.Virgil. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Blackwell.
Solmsen, Freiedrich. 1968. “Greek Ideas of the Hereafter in Virgil’s Roman Epic.” Proceedings of the Philosophical Society 112(1):8-14.
Spence, Sarah. 1988. Rhetorics of Reason and Desire : Vergil, Augustine, and the Troubadours. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Spence, Sarah, ed. 2001. Poets and Critics Read Vergil. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stahl, Hans-Peter. 1981."Aeneas--An ''Unheroic'' Hero?" Arethusa 14:157-177.
Stahl, Hans-Peter, ed. 2009. Vergil’s Aeneid: Augustan Epic and Political Context. Classical Press of Wales.
Starks, John H. 1999. “Fides Aeneia: The Transference of Punic Stereotypes in the Aeneid.” CJ 94(3):255-283.
Starr, Chester G. 1955. “Virgil’s Acceptance of Octavian.” AJP 76(1):34-46.
Sullivan, Francis A. 1959. “The Spiritual Itinerary of Virgil’s Aeneas.” AJP 80(2):150-161.
Syed, Yasmin. 2005. Vergil''s Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary Discourse. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Tarrant, Richard. 1982. “Aeneas and the Gates of Sleep.” CP 77(1): 51-55.
Taylor, Margaret E. 1955. “Primitivism in Virgil.” AJP 76(3):261-278.
Thomas, Richard F. 1987. “Prose into Poetry: Tradition and Meaning in Virgil’s Georgics.” HSCP 91: 229-260.
Thomas, Richard F. 1988. Georgica. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, Richard F. 1999. Reading Virgil and His Texts : Studies in Intertextuality. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Thomas, Richard F. 2001. Virgil and the Augustan Reception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thornton, Agathe. 1976. The Living Universe:Gods and Men in Virgil’s Aeneid.New Zealand: University of Otago Press.
Van Nortwick, Thomas. 1980. “Aeneas, Turnus, and Achiles.” TAPA 110: 303-314.
Verstraete. Beer C. 1980. “The Implication of the Epicurean and Lucretian Theory of Dreams for ‘falsa insomnia’in Aeneid 6. 896.” CW 74(1):7-10.
Volk, Katharina, ed. 2008a. Vergil''s Eclogues. New York : Oxford University Press.
Volk, Katharina, ed. 2008b. Vergil''s Georgics. New York : Oxford University Press.
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Warden, John. 2000. “Ripae Ulterioris Amore: Structure and Desire in "Aeneid" 6”. CJ 95(4):349-361.
Watkins, John. 1995. The Specter of Dido: Spenser and Virgilian Epic.
West, David. 1990. “The Bough and the Gate ” in S.J. Harrison ed. Oxford Readings in Vergil''s Aeneid. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press. 1990:224-238.
Wilhelm, Robert &; Howard Jones, ed. 1992.The Two Worlds of the Poet: New Perspectives on Vergil. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
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Wilkinson, L.P. 1997. The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey. London: Bristol Classical Press.
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Yeames, Herbert, H. 1913. “The Tragedy of Dido II.” CJ 8(5):193-202.
Zetzel, James E. 1989. “Romane Memento: Justice and Judgment in Aeneid 6.” TAPA 119:263-284.
Zetzel, James E. 1996. “Natural Law and Poetic Justice: A Carneadean Debate in Cicero and Virgil.” CP 91(4): 297-319.
Ziolkowski, Jan W., and Michael C.J. Putnam. 2008. The Virgilian Tradition: the First Fifteen Hundred Years. New Haven : Yale University Press.




三、羅馬史、政治思想與文學
邢義田 編譯，1998，《古羅馬的榮光：羅馬史資料選譯》，台北：遠流。
周作人，2007，《歐洲文學史》，北京：東方。
徐學庸，2009，〈羅馬人的道德傳統〉，《道德與合理：西洋古代倫理議題研究》，台北：唐山，頁227-239。new window
郭秋永，2010，《社會科學方法論》，台北：五南。
陳思賢，1999，《西洋政治思想史-古典世界篇》，台北：五南。
陳瑞崇，1996，《從生養教育論亞里斯多德政治學》，台北，唐山。
許綬南 譯，1999，《羅馬共和的衰亡》，臺北市：麥田。譯自The fall of the Roman Republic. Routledge.
張平、韓梅 譯，2008，《古羅馬人的閱讀》，桂林：廣西師範。譯自 Catherine Salles.Lire a Rome.
張福建、蘇文流，1995，《民主理論：古典與現代》，台北：中央&;#30799;究院中山人文社會科學&;#30799;究所。
喬琴生，2007，《奧古斯都文化方略探析》，上海：復旦大學博士論文。
溥林 譯，2004，《伊壁鳩魯主義的政治哲學》，北京：華夏。譯自 James H. Nichols. Epicurean Political Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.1976.
賈士蘅 譯，2004，《羅馬帝國》，台北：商務。譯自 Colin Wells. The Roman Empire. Harper Collins. 1984.
楊貞德，1997，〈歷史、論述與「語言」分析：波卡克之政治思想研究方法述要〉，《中國文哲研究通訊》7 (4)：頁151-179。new window
詹康，2009，〈聖奧斯定的共和主義、異教徒共和國與存有學的政治學〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》21(2):189-246。new window
劉增泉，1991，〈試探羅馬帝國時期的社會經濟概況〉，《西洋史集刊》3:1-12。
劉增泉 編著，2005，《羅馬文化史》，台北：五南。
劉增泉，2006，〈從凱撒的《高盧戰紀》解析羅馬政治人物性格與謀略〉，《歷史月刊》227:117-128。
謝華育 譯，2007，《希臘化、羅馬和早期基督教》，上海，華東師範大學出版社，譯自 Eric Vogelin. Hellenism, Rome and Early Christianity. Columbia: University of Missouri. 1997.
譚立鑄，2006，《古代城邦》，上海：華東師範。譯自Fustel de Coulanges. La Cite Antique: Etude sur le culte, le droit, les institutions de la Grece et de Rome.
Adcock, F.E. 1964. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Albrecht, Michael von. 1998. Roman Epic: An Interpretive Introduction. Boston: Brill.
Arendt, Hannah. 2007. The Life of the Mind.蘇友貞 譯，台北：立緒。
Arendt, Hannah. 2010. The Promise of Politics.蔡佩君 譯，台北：左岸。
Balot, Ryan K. 2009. A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought. Chichester, U.K. ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell.
Barker, Ernest. 1956. From Alexander to Constantine: Passages and Documents Illustrating the History of Social and Political Ideas, 336 B.C.-A.D. 337. London, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Beard, Mary &; Michael Crawford. 1999. Rome in the Late Republic. London: Duckworth.
Boardman, John; Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray,eds. 1991. The Oxford History of the Roman World. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Bowman, Alan K., Edward Chaplin and Andrew Lintott,eds.1996. The Cambridge Ancient History Vol.10:The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boyle, A.J., ed. 1993. Roman Epic. London; New York: Routledge.
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Clarke, M.L. 1956. The Roman Mind: Studies in the History of Thought from Cicero to Marcus Aurelius. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Clarke, M.L. 1978. “Poets and Patrons at Rome.” G&;R 25(1):46-54.
Clay, Diskin. 1983. Lucretius and Epicurus. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
Coleman, Robert. 1982. “The Gods in the Aeneid.” G&;R 29(2):143-148.
Connolly, Joy. 2007. The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Earl, Donald. 1967. The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Edwards, Catharine and Greg Woolf, eds. 2003. Rome The Cosmopolis. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Gale, Monica. 1994. Myth and Poetry in Lucretius. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press.
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Habinek, Thomas and Alessandro Schiesaro. 1997. The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge [U.K.]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Leach, Eleanor Winsor. 1988. The Rhetoric of Space: Literary and Artistic Representations of Landscape in Republican and Augustan Rome. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
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Martindale, Charles. 1993. Redeeming the Text : Latin Poetry and the Hermeneutics of Reception. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University.
Mommsen, Theodor. 1996. Romische Geschichte (The History of Rome).trans. William Purdie Dickson. Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge/Thoemmes Press.
Morstein-Marx , Robert. 2004. Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mouritsen, Henrik. 2001. Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Nichols, James H. 1976. Epicurean Political Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
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Pavlock, Barbara. 1990. Eros, Imitation, and the Epic Tradition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
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Sedley, David. 1998. Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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