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題名:不同類型轉換作業之事件相關電位研究
作者:吳孟窈
作者(外文):Meng-Yao Wu
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:心理學研究所
指導教授:謝淑蘭
蔡玲玲
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:作業轉換事件關聯腦電位波刺激心向反應心向認知控制task switchingERPsstimulus-setresponse-setcognitive control
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作業轉換典範 (task switching paradigm) 廣泛被用來測量人類的認知控制歷程,然而是否作業轉換由單一種控制中心所掌控仍是未釐清的問題,透過比較不同類型作業轉換能夠提供證據釐清作業轉換是否涉及單一種認知控制機制。過去研究中使用多種不同的轉換作業類型,探究轉換虧損的來源,並延伸出不同的作業轉換理論,但研究間作業程序與實驗設定的差異,較難直接跨研究比較不同類型作業轉換。當前已有研究試圖比較不同類型轉換作業,但仍存在有刺激形態差異、作業判斷類型差異、線索轉換共變、作業成分混淆等因素的干擾。因此本論文進一步逐步操弄各種作業參數,探討是否作業轉換歷程會與作業類型產生交互作用,以提供證據釐清作業轉換是否涉及共通的認知控制歷程,或是因應不同的作業有相異的認知控制歷程。實驗一與實驗二利用轉銜線索 (transition cue),排除線索轉換可能的干擾,佐以事件關聯腦電波 (event-related potentials;ERP) 的量測,以解離作業準備與作業執行階段的轉換相關歷程。
實驗一採用相同-相異判斷作業 (same-difference comparison task),利用相同的刺激材料,比較在不同作業成分轉換的異同 (刺激心向轉換vs. 反應心向轉換)。刺激心向轉換中,注意力要在兩個知覺向度間進行重複或轉換作業,由於作業的反應類別固定,得以單純操弄刺激心向成分的轉換;而反應心向轉換,則涉及在相同刺激向度上進行反應配對規則的轉換,結果顯示在作業準備與作業執行階段兩種不同作業成分的轉換應該均涉及相同與相異的認知控制歷程。
實驗二利用偵測作業、分類作業與Go-Nogo作業,不同比較不同判斷作業中進行作業轉換的異同,三種作業僅涉及反應安排上的差異,結果顯示在作業準備與作業執行階段,三種作業轉換應該涉及相同的認知控制歷程,然而在作業執行階段,因應反應選項上的差異,分類作業中反映出作業特化的轉換效果,這表示當作業涉及較多反應要求時,可能涉及作業特化的認知控制歷程介入。
實驗三採用相同-相異判斷作業,比較不同刺激辨識歷程之作業(知覺向度作業與概念向度)下進行刺激心向轉換之異同,佐以Failure-to-Engage (FTE) 混合模型 (De Jong, 2000) 配適,解釋不同類型作業轉換虧損的來源。結果發現兩種作業轉換虧損均與部分準備歷程中的失誤有關,而不同刺激辨識歷程上的差異,可能改變作業執行所需的認知控制需求,導致有不同程度的預先準備比例。
實驗四延續實驗三,採用控制需求高的相同相異判斷作業調查老人的認知能力,結果顯示老人雖保有良好的預先準備能力,然而其轉換虧損提升。此外實驗四的結果也支持概念向度作業涉及較高的刺激辨識,可能使得作業所需的認知控制提高,老人在知覺作業中增大的轉換虧損來自於無法預先準備的嘗試次較多,然而在概念作業中增大的轉換虧損與其內在控制歷程的限制有關。
另一方面,藉由在作業準備與作業執行階段誘發相同和相異的轉換相關腦電位波,也有助於了解轉換關聯腦電波的功能性意義。在作業準備歷程中N2、late positivity反映出作業轉換共通的作業重建歷程,而N400-like negativity的負向與正向調節效果應該分別與刺激心向與反應心向轉換的重建歷程有關。在作業執行歷程中,N1、P2與N2成分波在額葉區域的轉換效果應該與一連串反應心向轉換歷程有關,而slow positivity上的負向轉換效果會因應作業的反應需求而改變,因此這個成分波可能也與反應選擇歷程有關。
總結而論,本論文系統性的操弄作業參數以比較不同類型作業轉換,提供證據支持無論在作業準備或作業執行階段,作業轉換均涉及單一種認知控制機制,然而因應不同作業的要求,也會涉及作業獨特的認知控制歷程介入,並由各種作業間心理歷程的差異推論可能造成轉換效果差別的來源,這也有助於了解轉換關聯腦電位波的功能性意義。另外,研究結果顯示利用作業轉換量測認知控制功能時,作業類別可能影響量測結果,凸顯出作業類型對作業轉換的重要性,當採用作業轉換探討不同族群 (孩童、老人或病人等) 認知功能時,需要慎選適當的作業轉換類型以真實反映其認知功能表現。
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