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題名:把生命交給市場:台灣汽車安全技術中的政治、市場與文化
作者:劉清耿
作者(外文):Liu, Ching-Keng
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:社會學研究所
指導教授:吳泉源博士
謝國雄博士
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:代工政治汽車安全體制市場模式汽車產業安全氣囊淨車文化NCAP汽車安全技術The Politics of outsourcingVehicle Safety RegimeMarket ModelAutomotive IndustryAirbagCar Purification CultureNCAPAutomotive Safety Technology
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本文的提問是:相較於歐美新上市的車款皆已經將6-8顆安全輔助氣囊(airbag)加上車身穩定系統(Electronic Stability Control, ESC)列為「標準配備」,為什麼台灣的國產車卻僅有2顆安全輔助氣囊作為標配?我們應該如何理解8:2或7:2,又或者6:2落差?換個方式來說,為什麼歐美會發展出6-8的標準,而台灣則呈現2的標準?從市場的角度來看,6-8或2這些數字之間,各有什麼值得探究的意涵?
其次,消費者如果希望達到與歐美相同的安全標準,則必須以加(高)價購買或選購高階車款的方式才能獲得,為什麼用來保護生命的安全技術,會呈現這種訴諸於個人能力與偏好的個人化市場模式,由一種特定的經濟理性、市場邏輯來解決生命安全的道德問題?
針對提問,本文分別從台灣的安全氣囊零組件產業、車輛安全法規以及長期存在台灣社會的淨車文化作為回應提問的線索。第三章以「代工政治」的概念解釋為什麼台灣具備完整的安全氣囊產業供應鏈,且已被外國車廠認可,但卻不被國產車廠所採用。第四章以「汽車安全體制」(Vehicle Safety Regime, VSR)為分析架構,指出車輛安全法規的法源選擇與法規導入皆具有扶持產業發展、制衡外國母廠的意圖。接著,比較歐美與台灣的「汽車安全體制」的異同,指出缺少NCAP的環節,因此無法打造汽車安全技術集體需求的市場模式。而台灣缺乏NCAP制度則與代工產業有緊密關係。第五章接續「汽車安全體制」的分析架構,考察台灣社會的汽車安全觀念以及汽車安全帶立法過程,及交通主管機關、車廠對於車輛安全法規精神的詮釋,指出官員與車廠具有個人自負其責、價格機制、市場供需的思維,再對比淨車文化中所體現的「神人分工」和「對等交換」等原則,勾繪出「台灣汽車安全體制」的運作特徵。
總結來說,經過三個核心章節的論證,無論在歐美或是台灣,用來保護生命安全的汽車安全技術,都是透過市場機制來回應技術的使用與需求的問題,但是,在不同汽車安全體制的運作之下,體現出不同的市場模式,也就形成了不一樣的結果:無差別的集體需求與供給,或是訴諸個人化的市場供需。前者以創造一個維護消費者安全的市場環境(creating a market for safety)為本,消費者透過公開透明的資訊做出消費判斷,進而創造出市場標準,以達到集體安全的目標。後者在汽車安全技術的態度上,流露出商品導向、利潤導向、成本、供需考量的「安全技術市場」特質(making a market of safety),安全要以加價購的方式,才能買得到相對完整的汽車安全技術。
Abstract
The puzzle of my research is as follows: comparing the same vehicle model in Europe and the United States, where 6 to 8 airbags and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) were set as standard equipment, why were there only 2 airbags in Taiwan? How to explain the meaning of the gap between 8 to 2, or 7 to 2 ,or 6 to 2? In other words, why the basic safety standard of vehicle was so different in Europe, the United States and Taiwan? From the perspective of market, what do those numbers imply?
Second, consumers in Taiwan have to pay extra for more airbags or buy the top-class vehicle if they want to get the same safety standard as in Europe or America. Why is the safety technology used to protect lives, presented as individual appeal and preference, a specific economic rationality, and the logic of the market to solve the moral problem of life safety?
This study focuses on the airbag industry, the vehicle safety regulations and the culture of car purifying (jing che in Taiwanese) in Taiwan to answer the questions above. In CH3, I use the concept of “the Politics of outsourcing” to explain why domestic car firms don’t purchase airbags designed and made in Taiwan, even though Taiwan owns a complete airbag industry chain. In CH4, taking” Vehicle Safety Regime”(VSR) as an analytical framework, I describe that from selecting the juridical sources to adopting the vehicle safety regulation, the hidden intention of Taiwan government is try to support and develop domestic automotive industry while simultaneously balance the control from foreign automotive firms.
Then, comparing the VSR in Europe, America and Taiwan, my study points out that due to the lack of NCAP, which is closely related to the subcontracting industry in Taiwan, a market of collective demand model of vehicle safety technology could not be built. In Ch5, continuing the framework of VSR, there are three topics figuring out the characteristic of VSR in Taiwan. First, I survey the concept of vehicle safety in Taiwan; second, the process of legislation of seat belt, including the interpretation of the spirit of vehicle safety regulation by transportation officials and auto firms; and third, comparing them with the principle of “Division of labor between humans and God”, and “Fair Exchange” in the car purification culture. All of them present similar concepts: each one should take responsibility for himself, price mechanism, and the model of supply and demand.
In sum, from CH3 to CH5, I argue that whatever in Europe, the Unite States, or Taiwan, automotive safety technology, which designed to protect lives, is to face the supply and demand issue by market mechanism. In different Vehicle Safety Regime, however, different market model was applied and thus resulted differently: equal and collective demands and supply, or personal needs, with the former aiming at creating a market for safety by offering transparent information for consumers, while the latter showing commodity and profit orientation by making a market of safety, emphasizing additional price paid for a relatively comprehensive automotive safety technology.
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