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題名:杜特蒂和民粹旋風: 菲律賓的民粹主義、治理術和宣傳策略
作者:湯斐然
作者(外文):Fernan Talamayan
校院名稱:國立陽明交通大學
系所名稱:社會與文化研究所
指導教授:劉紀蕙
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:民粹主義治理術宣傳策略杜特蒂菲律賓populismgovernmentalitypropagandaDutertePhilippines
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在菲律賓這個被貧窮、貪婪、腐敗和政治災難蹂躪的國家,要搞清楚人們為何被杜特蒂之民粹主義所深深吸引,闡明這個民粹主義的複雜性將會很有幫助。儘管關於這個話題的文獻與日俱增,民粹主義的定義還是含混不清:從形象到意識形態,或是從顛覆到獨裁,學者們不斷地偏移焦點。為了確定民粹主義的獨特的特徵和功能,本研究修正並擴充了拉克勞的民粹主義概念,強調其歷史與在地的特殊性:亦即,本研究將民粹主義定義為嵌入在地(菲律賓)與歷史符號系統中的政治邏輯,同時具備了解放和治理規範的潛力。本研究的核心討論在於系統性地分析民粹主義邏輯如何在三個同步過程中顯現:首先,政治行動者如何鞏固和普及來自下層和上層民眾情緒和未實現的社會需求;其次,如何以二分法建構和操作正義的受害者(人民)和不道德的惡棍(精英);最後,如何故意採用兩方或三方的歷史觀來進行宣傳敘事的社會生產,以便完成治理術的目標。本研究採用能夠清晰說明菲律賓經驗細微特性的民粹主義概念,來揭示過去和當下的民粹主義者如何形塑了菲律賓人民對正義和進步的挫折感和渴望。通過探索這些宣傳團結和分化的符號和再生產的機制,本研究將解釋一個多世紀以來菲律賓人民如何以及為何持續深陷民粹旋風之中。
In a country ravaged by poverty, greed, corruption, and policy disasters, spelling out the complexities of Rodrigo Duterte’s populism is helpful, if not necessary, to demystify its enduring appeal to Filipinos. Yet, despite the growing literature on the topic, populism remains ambiguous, as scholars constantly shift the focus from branding to ideology or subversion to authoritarianism. This study modifies and expands Laclau’s notion of populism and emphasizes its historicity and local specificity. To be more precise, this study defines populism as a political logic embedded in a local (Filipino) system and historical signification, which has both emancipatory and governmental potentials. Central to the discussion is the systematic analysis of how the populist logic is apparent in three synchronous processes: first, the consolidation and popularization of sentiments and unfulfilled social demands by political actors from below and above; second, the construction and operationalization of dichotomies between righteous victims (people) and immoral villains (elite); and finally, the social production of propaganda narratives that deliberately adopt both a bipartite and tripartite view of history for governmentality. Using a clear concept of populism that meets the nuances of the Philippine experience, it reveals how past and present populists frame Filipino’s articulations of frustration and desire for justice and progress. Discovering the mechanisms that endorse the reproduction of unifying and polarizing signifiers helped the study explain how and why Filipinos remain caught in a populist vortex for more than a century.
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