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題名：Is Talk Cheap? Environmental Philosophy and Environmental Policy
書刊名：Tamkang Review
作者：Callicott,J. Baird
出版日期：2002
卷期：32:3/4
頁次：頁1-23
主題關鍵詞：Environmental philosophy；Autopoietic；Biocentrism；Intrinsic value-in-nature discourse；Nonanthropocentric environmental ethic；Environmental policy；Kant；Decartes；The rights discourse
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In the first part of this paper I survey some of the main arguments used by environmental philosophers since the 1970s in their attempts to formulate an ecological ethics grounded in a nonanthropocentric perspective. This means we begin from the standpoint of the non-human creatures, organisms, objects of the natural world (animals, plants, soils, rocks, waters, air). A crucial notion is that of the “intrinsic value” of natural organisms and objects: intrinsic value can mean something like Kant’s notion of being an end-in-oneself, but here we must extend beyond the limits imposed by the term “rational” in Kant’s ethical imperative that we regard other rational beings as ends-in-themselves and not as means-to-an-end or use-objects of humans. A key issue arises: must the tree have its own intrinsic value, and not one “given” it by humans－must it perhaps possess a sort of “subjectivity”－in order to warrant “moral considerability”? Another problem is that of distributing intrinsic value too broadly on the one hand－is it not “ethical” for me to kill a mosquito that is sucking my blood, or to kill even plants in order to eat them?－while on the other hand not distributing it broadly enough to encompass that which is finally at stake: entire species (or the entire earth) rather than individuals. That is, if the value or “interest” of the individual resides in serving the species or ecosystem, how would we define the interest or intrinsic value of an entire species (genus, planet)? In the second part of the paper I argue that to have a clear theoretical framework (or set of ethical principles) is, contrary to the claim of environmental pragmatists, itself the most fundamental sort of praxis: it is vital that we have thought through these issues and come to a certain understanding, for this will inevitably engage us in practical acticn.
Other
1.Norton, B. G.(1995)。What I Am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure Monistic Inherentism。  new window
期刊論文
1.Naess, Arne(1973)。The Shallow and The Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement。Inquiry，16。  new window
2.Callicott, John Baird、Crowder, L. B.、Mumford, K.(1999)。Current Normative Concepts in Conservation。Conservation Biology，13，22-35。  new window
3.Ehrenfeld, D.(1976)。The Conservation of Non-Resources。American Scientist，64，647-655。  new window
4.Foreman, Dave(1983)。More on Earth First! And the monkey wrench gang。Environmental Ethics，5，95-96。  new window
5.Foreman, D.(1991)。The New Conservation Movement。Wild Earth，1(2)，6-12。  new window
6.Fox, W.(1993)。What Does the Recognition of Intrinsic Value Entail?。Trumpeter，10，101。  new window
7.Ghiselin, M. T.(1974)。A Radical Solution to the Species Problem。Systematic Zoology，23，536-544。  new window
8.Goodpaster, K. E.(1978)。On Being Morally considerable。The Journal of Philosophy，75，308-325。  new window
9.Hull, D.(1976)。Are Species Really Individuals?。Systematic Zoology，25，174-191。  new window
10.Minteer, B. A.(1998)。No Experience Necessary: Foundationalism and the Retreat from Culture in Environmental Ethics。Environmental Values，7，333-347。  new window
11.O'Neill, J.(1992)。Varieties of Intrinsic Value。The Monist，75，119-137。  new window
12.Preston, C.(1998)。Epistemology and Intrinsic Values: Norton and Callicott’s Critiques of Rolston。Environmental Ethics，20，409-428。  new window
13.Regan, Tom(1979)。An Examination and Defense of One Argument Concerning Animal Rights。Inquiry，22，189-219。  new window
14.Regan, Tom(1982)。The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethics。Environmental Ethics，3，19-34。  new window
15.Regan, Tom(1975)。Is There an Ecological Ethic。Ethics，85，93-109。  new window
圖書
1.McIntosh, R. P.(1985)。The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory。The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory。Cambridge。  new window
2.Rolston, Holmes(1989)。Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in The Natural World。Philadelphia：Temple University Press。  new window
3.Singer, P.(1977)。Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals。New York。  new window
4.Fox, W.(1990)。Toward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism。Boston。  new window
5.Regan, Tom(1983)。The Case for Animal Rights。University of California Press。  new window
6.Taylor, Paul W.(1989)。Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics。Princeton。  new window
7.Moore, George Edward(1903)。Principia Ethica。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
8.Hall, David L.、Ames, Roger T.(1987)。Thinking Through Confucius。State University of New York Press。  new window
9.Leopold, Aldo(1949)。A sand county almanac and sketches here and there。Oxford University Press。  new window
10.Brownlie, I.(1981)。Basic Documents on Human Rights。Basic Documents on Human Rights。Oxford。  new window
11.Callicott, John Baird(1999)。Beyond the Land Ethic: Mores Essays in Environmental Philosophy。Beyond the Land Ethic: Mores Essays in Environmental Philosophy。Albany。  new window
12.Descartes, Rene(1950)。Discourse on Method。Discourse on Method。New York。  new window
13.(2000)。Earth Charter Commission: Earth Charter Briefing Book。Earth Charter Commission: Earth Charter Briefing Book。The Hague。  new window
14.Ehrenfeld, D.(1988)。Why Put a Value on Biodiversity?。Biodiversity。Washington。  new window
15.(1992)。Encyclopedia of Ethics(Vol. 1)。Encyclopedia of Ethics(Vol. 1)。New York and London。  new window
16.Johnson, L. E.(1991)。A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics。A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics。Cambridge。  new window
17.Kant, Immanuel(1991)。Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals。Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals。Cambridge。  new window
18.Light, A.、Katz, E.(1996)。Environmental Pragmatism。Environmental Pragmatism。New York。  new window
19.Norton, B. G.(1991)。Toward Unity among Environmentalists。Toward Unity among Environmentalists。New York。  new window
20.Routley, R.、Routely, V.。Human Chauvinism and Environmental Ethics。Environmental Philosophy。Canberra。  new window
21.Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue、Shanker, S. G.、Taylor, T. J.(1998)。Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind。Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind。New York。  new window
22.Sylvan, R.(1993)。Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental Ethic?。Environmental Philosophy。Upper Saddle River,New Jersey。  new window
 
 
 
 
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