The paper first explains that by "observing the mind" (guan xin) is meant a religious practice involving the reflection on the source of mind. The Tiantai School teaches that observation of the mind is the foundation of all Buddhist doctrines and practices, and constitutes its own meditation method on the basis of the teaching that "The three kinds of wisdom are realized in one mind', as found in the Dazhidulun, and the "Three kinds of truth" in the Zhonglun. The Tiantai forerunner Huiwen developed the "Three kinds of wisdom in one mind" into the "Threefold meditation in one Mind", and Huisi advocated the "observation of mind" in the state of concentration. Zhiyi thought that "mind" is the consciousness skandha, and therefore taught that "observing the mind" means to penetrate the delusive nature of consciousness. Zhanran taught that "observing the mind" means to penetrate the delusive objects of the consciousness skandha. During the Song dynasty, these teachings developed into a debate about "observing the true mind" and "observing the delusive mind". The paper explains origins and developments of this debate. On the basis of the doctrine that "the mind inherently comprises all worlds", Zhiyuan advocated the