本研究旨在進行國小高年級學童的機率概念測驗之編製，並根據學童解決機率問題時所陳述的理由，分析學童其在機率問題的答題類型。研究對象為國民小學高年級學童共計331 名，採用自編的「機率概念測驗」為研究工具。經過資料分析後，研究結果發現如下： 一、本研究之試題在難易度、鑑別度、信度與效度上皆具良好試題特徵，顯示本研究之測驗具有良好之品質。 二、學童在「部分—全體」機率試題的表現上優於「大數法則」試題之表現。 三、學童在解決機率問題時所陳述的理由，呈現多樣性的答題類型，具有不同的迷思概念。 根據本研究結果與發現，可提供有關國小學童學習機率概念之教學與教材編製之參考，研究者亦對未來進一步研究提出建議。

The purpose of this study was to design test of probability concepts and analyze response of probability problems. There were totally 331 valid samples in the empirical study. The test tool was developed by the researcher.The researcher analyzed the pupils’ answering types and strategies of solving problems on the test. According to the data analysis, the results were as follows: 1. This test had reasonable item difficulty and high item discrimination. Moreover, the test also high reliability and validity. 2. There are different kinds of strategies when pupils solved probability problems. Not all the strategies are correect. Therefore, there were some misconcepts when pupils solve probability problems. According to the results and findings of this study, some recommendations and suggestions were provided for teaching, teaching material design, and future study.