Products, Processes and Practitioners: A Critical Look at the Importance of Specificity in ESP_

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題名：	Products, Processes and Practitioners: A Critical Look at the Importance of Specificity in ESP
書刊名：	Taiwan International ESP Journal
作者：	Anthony, Laurence
出版日期：	2011
卷期：	3:2
頁次：	頁1-18
主題關鍵詞：	Discipline-variation；Knowledge；Specificity；Skills
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:3 共同引用:0 點閱:12

Many English for Specific Purposes (ESP) researchers have argued that ESP practitioners should be sufficiently familiar with the specialist discipline of their target learners that they are able to understand its culture, community, and discourse practices. This view has led to the misconception that ESP practitioners must be experts in the target discipline or at least know the subject material as well as the learners. In this paper, I will argue the opposite view: that ESP practitioners do not need to be specialists. In a rapidly changing and evolving world, the traditional product-oriented knowledge taught to target learners in an ESP course is likely to quickly change or even become obsolete in only a few years. On the other hand, process-oriented skills, such as the ability to acquire new knowledge through observing, recording, and analyzing texts, are likely to be more stable and highly valued over the long term. These are the exact same skills that ESP practitioners themselves apply when attempting to understand the target language. Consequently, I will argue that non-specialist ESP practitioners are in the best position to help learners achieve these longer-term ESP goals.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Anthony, L.(1999)。Writing research article introductions in software engineering: How accurate is a standard model?。IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication，42(1)，36-46。
2.	Anthony, L.(2001)。Characteristic features of research article titles in computer science。IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication，44(3)，187-19。
3.	Bhatia, V. K.(2010)。Interdiscursivity in Professional Communication。Discourse and Communication，21(1)，32-50。
4.	Biber, D.(1992)。On the complexity of discourse complexity: A multidimensional analysis。Discourse Processes，15，133-163。
5.	Dovey, Teresa(2006)。What purposes, specifically? Re-thinking purposes and specificity in the context of the "new vocationalism"。English for Specific Purposes，25(4)，387-402。
6.	Dudley-Evans, T.、St John, M. J.(1998)。Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary approach.Cambridge。
7.	Ewer, J. R.(1983)。Teacher training for EST: Problems and methods。English for Specific Purposes，2(1)，9-31。
8.	Northedge, A.(2003)。Rethinking teaching in the context of diversity。Teaching in Higher Education，8(1)，17-32。
9.	Orr, T.(1999)。Genre in the field of computer science and computer engineering。IEEE Transactions. on Professional Communication，42(1)，32-37。
10.	Taylor, M.(1994)。How much content does the ESP instructor need to know。TESOL Matters，4，14。
11.	Troike, R.(1994)。The case for subject-matter training。TESOL Matters，3，6。
12.	Bhatia, Vijay Kumar(1997)。Genre-mixing in academic introductions。English for Specific Purposes，16(3)，181-196。
13.	Bhatia, Vijai K.(2002)。Applied genre analysis: A multi-perspective model。Ibérica，4，3-19。
14.	Chambers, F.(1980)。A re-evaluation of needs analysis。ESP Journal，1(1)，25-33。
15.	Johns, Ann M.(1988)。The discourse communities dilemma: Identifying transferable skills for the academic milieu。English for Specific Purposes，7(1)，55-59。
16.	Hyland, Ken(2008)。As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation。English for Specific Purposes，27(1)，4-21。
17.	Lee, D.、Swales, J.(2006)。A corpus-based EAP course for NNS doctoral students: Moving from available specialized corpora to self-compiled corpora。English for Specific Purposes，25(1)，56-75。
18.	Hyland, K.(2002)。Specificity revisited: how far should we go now?。English for Specific Purposes，21(4)，385-395。
19.	Lackstrom, John E.、Seliker, Larry、Trimble, Louis(1973)。Technical rhetorical principles and grammatical choice。TESOL Quarterly，7(2)，127-136。
20.	Spack, Ruth(1988)。Initiating ESL students into the academic discourse community: How far should we go?。TESOL Quarterly，22(1)，29-52。

會議論文
1.	Anthony, L.(2011)。Introducing Corpus-Based Methods into a Large-Scale Technical Writing Program for Scientists and Engineers。Corpus Linguistics Conference (CL2011)，(會議日期: July 20-22, 2011)。Birmingham, UK。20-22。

圖書
1.	Fukui, K.、Noguchi, J.、Watanabe N.(2009)。Towards ESP bilingualism。Osaka：Osaka University Press。
2.	Gee, J. P.、Hull, G.(1996)。The new work order behind the language of the new capitalism。Sydney：Allen & Unwin。
3.	Hyland, K.(2004)。Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing。University of Michigan Press。
4.	Jordan, R. R.(1973)。A Survey of the spoken English problems of overseas postgraduates at the Universities of Manchester and Newcastle. In Journal of the Institute of Education 125。Newcastle：University of Newcastle XXX。
5.	Swales, J.(1985)。Episodes in ESP : A source and reference book on the development of English for science and technology。New York：Pergamon Institute of English。
6.	Terauchi, H.、Yamauchi, H.、Noguchi, J.(2010)。ESP in the 21st century。Tokyo：Taishukan Press。
7.	Swales, J. M.、Feak, C. B.(1994)。Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills。Ann Arbor, MI：University of Michigan Press.。
8.	Scott, M.(1996)。Wordsmith Tools 4。Oxford University Press。
9.	Hyland, K.、Bondi, M.(2006)。Academic discourse across disciplines。Peter Lang。
10.	Biber, Douglas(1988)。Variation Across Speech and Writing。Cambridge。
11.	Jordan, R. R.(1997)。English for Academic Purposes: A Guide and Resource Book for Teachers。Cambridge University Press。
12.	Halliday, Michael A. K.、McIntosh, Angus、Strevens, Peter(1964)。The linguistic sciences and language teaching。Longmans。
13.	Hutchinson, Tom、Waters, Alan(1987)。English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centred approach。Cambridge University Press。
14.	Swales, John Malcolm(1990)。Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings。Cambridge University Press。

其他
1.	Anthony, L.(2011)。AntConc，Tokyo, Japan：Waseda University。，http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/software.html。

圖書論文
1.	Anthony, L.(2009)。ESP at the center of program design。Towards ESP bilingualism。Osaka, Japan：Osaka University Press。
2.	Barber, C. L.(1988)。Some measurable characteristics of modern scientific prose。Episodes in ESP。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
3.	Belcher, Diane(2009)。What ESP is and can be: An introduction。English for specific purposes in theory and practice。University of Michigan Press。
4.	Clapham, C.(2001)。Discipline specificity and EAP。Research perspectives on English for academic purposes。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
5.	Halliday, M. A. K.(1991)。Towards probabilistic interpretations。Functional and systemic linguistics: Approaches and uses。Berlin：Mouton de Gruyter。
6.	Howell, F. S.(2009)。English for science and engineering at Sophia University。Towards ESP bilingualism。Osaka：Osaka University Press。
7.	Lea, M.(1994)。I thought I could write until I came here’: Student writing in higher education。Improving Student Learning: Theory and Practice。Oxford, UK：Oxford Centre for Staff Development。
8.	Master, P.(2000)。English and computers: A modified adjunct course。Responses to ESP。Washington DC：US State Department。
9.	Master, P.(2005)。Research in English for Specific Purposes。Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning。Mahwah, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum。
10.	Paltridge, B.(2009)。Afterword: Where have we come from and where are we now?。English for specific purposes in theory and practice。Ann Arbor, MI：University of Michigan Press。
11.	Strevens, P.(1971)。Alternatives to daffodils。Science and technology in a second language. C.I.L.T. Report 7。
12.	Howe, P. M.(1993)。Planning a pre-sessional course in English for academic legal purposes。Language, learning and success: Studying through English。London：Macmillan。
13.	Johns, T.(1994)。From printout to handout: Grammar and vocabulary teaching in the context of data-driven learning。Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。

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