Background: The prevalence of hemodialysis in Taiwan is remarkably high. The instruction given by nurses plays an important role to hemodialysis patients. Purposes: To investigate the cognition scores and impact factors that may affect the hemodialysis patients on the health education given by nurses. Methods: This research started from September 2015 and ended to June 2016. Subjects 100 who had received hemodialysis for more than 6 months from a regional hospital located in northern Taiwan were recruited. Likert scale 5-point and SPSS 21 were used to analyze the data. Internal consistency reliability, expert's opinion and content validity were conducted. Results: The average score for 7 dimension of cognition on nursing instruction as a whole was 4.30. The highest cognition dimension score 4.72 was on the education regarding the care of vascular access. The second highest score 4.67 was on the daily health maintenance. The third one was 4.64 on the hemodialysis treatment, the following 4 dimension were 4.40 on diet control, 4.13 on uremic complications, 3.91 on the causes of uremia, and 3.90 on sexual problems. Their gender, age, education, occupation, economic status, marital status, religion, medical history, frequency to receive hemodialysis in one week, dialysis year and family history showed significant differences with the degree of cognition. Further regression analysis found that education, frequency to receive hemodialysis in one week, religion, gender and occupation could explain 96.6% of the variance. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: It is important to consider the unique characteristic of individual difference for patients, and apply it to improve the nursing instruction and elevate the quality of nursing care.