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引文資料
題名:
「後衝突社會」的政治制度設計:波士尼亞與盧安達的權力分享模式比較
書刊名:
東吳政治學報
作者:
陳宏銘
作者(外文):
Chen, Hongming
出版日期:
2017
卷期:
35:2
頁次:
頁73-137
主題關鍵詞:
後衝突社會
;
權力分享
;
協商式民主
;
波士尼亞
;
盧安達
;
Post-conflict society
;
Power-sharing
;
Consociational democracy
;
Bosnia
;
Rwanda
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
1
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
1
共同引用:
8
點閱:33
關於後衝突社會如何設計政治制度設計,既是重要的理論問題,在實務上也是政治工程師所面臨的重大挑戰。本文探討經歷族群嚴重衝突和內戰的國家,如何進一步設計其政治制度,並以波士尼亞與盧安達兩國所採權力分享模式的經驗進行探討和比較。這兩個案例均屬第二次世界大戰後所經歷最嚴重的種族屠殺,時間均在1990年代初期。再者,兩國均有不同程度的協商式民主制度實踐,迄今(2017年)均超過二十年的時間,故可供比較其權力分享制度經驗和效果。本研究發現,波士尼亞對三大族裔採權力均霑的同等原則和比例原則,惟其結果雖確保族群的代表性,但也鞏固了族群的界限,跨族群的合作仍不易強化。盧安達的情況,則是少數族群之圖西族相較胡圖族,取得超過其族群人口比例的政治權力,而政黨的公平競爭亦受到了較大的限制。換言之,兩國協商式民主的實踐均普遍不被認為成功,族群間仍潛在不安因素,但儘管如此,兩國近二十年來族群間未再重演之前的嚴重暴力衝突,也至少維持了一定的和平。
以文找文
How to design the political system in a post-conflict society is an important theoretical issue, and also a difficult challenge for the political engineers. This paper, based on the experiences of Bosnia and Rwanda which have experienced serious ethnic conflict and civil war, discusses how the countries designed their political systems after the end of the conflict. These two countries have experienced the most serious ethnic conflicts since World War II, and these conflicts both took place in the early 1990s. Furthermore, over the past two decades both countries have adopted consociational democracatic systems in varying degrees after the conflict. Therefore I believe enough time has passed to evaluate their practices of power -sharing. The study found that in Bosnia the principles of proportionality and parity have been adopted, so as to ensure the power-sharing of the three ethnic groups. However, the political system paid the cost of consolidating existing ethnic boundaries, and it is still difficult for three ethnic groups to cooperate mutually. In Rwanda, compared to the Hutu majority, the Tutsi minority obtained political power which exceeds its ethnic population ratio. Besides, fair competition between political parties is also restricted. In other words, consociational democracy of the two countries was generally not considered to be successful. Nevertheless, Bosnia and Rwanda have at least maintained the peace and there have been no serious ethnic conflicts and violence for the past two decades.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Lindberg, Staffan(2004)。The Democratic Qualities of Competitive Elections: Participation, Competition and Legitimacy in Africa。Commonwealth and Comparative Politics,42(1),61-105。
2.
Andeweg, Rudy B.(2000)。Consociational Democracy。Annual Review of Political Science,3(1),509-536。
3.
Reilly, Benjamin(2002)。Electoral Systems for Divided Societies。Journal of Democracy,13(2),156-170。
4.
McMahon, Patrice C.、Western, Jon(2009)。The death of Dayton: how to stop Bosnia from falling apart。Foreign Affairs,88(5),69-93。
5.
Belloni, Roberto、Deane, S.(2005)。From Belfast to Bosnia: Piecemeal Peacemaking and the Role of Institutional Learning。Civil Wars,7,219-243。
6.
Belloni, Roberto(2004)。Peacebuilding and Consociational Ele ctoral Engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina。International Peacekeeping,11(2),334-353。
7.
Bieber, Florian(2002)。Bosnia-Herzegovina: Developments towards a More Integrated State?。Journal of Muslim Minority Affair,1,205-218。
8.
Bogaards, Matthijs(1998)。The Favourable Factors for Consociational Democracy: A Review。European Journal of Political Research,33,475-496。
9.
Cooley, Laurence、Mujanović, Jasmin(2015)。Changing the Rules of the Game: Comparing FIFA/UEFA and EU Attempts to Promote Reform of Power-Sharing Institutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina。Global Society,29(1),42-63。
10.
Horowitz, Donald L.(2014)。Ethnic Power Sharing: Three Big Problems。Journal of Democracy,25(2),5-20。
11.
Horowitz, Donald(2008)。Conciliatory Institutions and Constitutional Process in Post Conflict States。William and Mary Law Review,49,1213-1248。
12.
Humphrey, Michael(2003)。International intervention, justice and national reconciliation: the role of the ICTY and ICTR in Bosnia and Rwanda。Journal of Human Rights,2(4),495-505。
13.
Jung, Courtney、Shapiro, Ian(1995)。South Africa's Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order。Politics and Society,23(3),269-308。
14.
Kasapović, Mirjana(2005)。Bosnia and Herzegovina: Consociational or Liberal Democracy?。Politićka Misao,5,3-30。
15.
Lemarchand, René(2007)。Consociationalism and Power Sharing in Africa: Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo。African Affairs,106(422),1-20。
16.
Manning, Carrie(2004)。Elections and Political Change in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina。Democratization,11(2),60-86。
17.
Mansfield, Edward D.、Snyder, Jack(2005)。Prone to Violence: The Paradox of the Democratic Peace。National Interest,82,39-45。
18.
Njoku, Raphael Chijioke(2005)。Deadly Ethnic Conflict and the Imperative of Power Sharing: Could a Consociational Federalism Hold in Rwanda?。The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,43(1),82-101。
19.
Reyntjens, Fillip(2015)。Rwanda: Progress or Powder Keg?。Journal of Democracy,26(3),19-33。
20.
Weitsman, Patricia A.(2008)。The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda。Human Rights Quarterly,30(3),561-578。
21.
余佳璋(20140600)。歐盟對波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納安全重建挑戰之檢視。蘭陽學報,13,67-81。
延伸查詢
22.
郭秋慶(20151200)。波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納憲政體制的選擇及其運作--兼論『戴頓協定』20周年政局的發展。臺灣國際研究季刊,11(4),111-131。
延伸查詢
23.
謝福助(20060600)。波士尼亞、科索沃:民主移植實驗場--新國際保護關係。通識論叢,5,37-58。
延伸查詢
24.
Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research,8(2),165-187。
25.
嚴震生(20040300)。安哥拉的內戰與和平協議(一九七五至二00二年)。問題與研究,43(2),31-61。
延伸查詢
26.
張台麟(20000900)。一九九四年盧安達種族互殘的緣由與影響。問題與研究,39(9),35-48。
延伸查詢
27.
Myers, Garth、Klak, Thomas、Koehl, Timothy(1996)。The Inscription of Difference: News Coverage of the Conflicts in Rwanda and Bosnia。Political Geography,15(1),21-46。
會議論文
1.
Binningsbø, H.(2006)。Consociational Democracy and Postconflict Peace. Will Power-Sharing Institutions Increase the Probability of Lasting Peace after Civil War?。The Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association,(會議日期: 22 March 2006)。San Diego:Town & Country Resort and Convention Center。
2.
Elgie, Robert(2007)。Varieties of Semi-Presidentialsm and their Impact on Nascent Democracies。The International Conference on After the Third Waves: Problems and Challenges for the New Democracies,(會議日期: 13-14 August 2007)。Taipei:Thinktank。
研究報告
1.
Stroh, Alexander(2009)。The Effects of Electoral Institutions in Rwanda: Why Proportional Representation Supporters the Authoritarianism Ragime。
學位論文
1.
Seitzinger, Paul(2015)。The Influence of Electoral Institutions on The De-escalation of Post-conflict Situationstions on The De-escalation of Post-conflict Situations(碩士論文)。Leiden University。
2.
Staveteig, Sarah Elizabeth(2011)。Genocide, Nuptiality, and Fertility in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina(博士論文)。University of California,Berkeley。
3.
Waller, Hannah Marie(2015)。Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Bosnia-Herzegovina(178)。University of New Hampshire。
圖書
1.
Norris, Pippa(2008)。Driving Democracy: Do Power Sharing Institutions Work?。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。
2.
Schedler, Andreas(2006)。Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition。Boulder, Colo:Lynne Rienner Publishers。
3.
Collier, Paul、Sambanis, Nicholas(2005)。Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis。Washington, DC:World Bank。
4.
Paris, Roland(2004)。At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict。Cambridge University Press。
5.
Reilly, Benjamin(2001)。Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management。Cambridge University Press。
6.
Snyder, Jack(2000)。From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict。New York, NY:W. W. Norton & Company。
7.
Horowitz, Donald L.(1991)。A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society。Berkeley:University of California Press。
8.
Wimmer, Andreas、Goldstone, Richard、Horowitz, Donald L.、Joras, Ulrike、Schetter, Conrad(2004)。Facing Ethnic Conflicts: Towards a New Realism。Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers。
9.
Lijphart, Arend(2008)。Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice。Routledge。
10.
Manning, Carrie(2008)。The Making of Democrats: Elections and Party Development in Postwar Bosnia, El Salvador, and Mozambique。New York:Palgrave Macmillan。
11.
Noel, Sid(2005)。From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies。London:McGill-Queens University Press。
12.
O'Flynn, Ian、Russell, David(2005)。Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies。London:Pluto Press。
13.
胡祖慶(2000)。後冷戰時期的東歐。台北:五南書局。
延伸查詢
14.
Lyons, Terrence(2006)。Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on The Uncertain Road to Peace。Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner。
15.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics。Cambridge University Press。
16.
Lijphart, Arend(1977)。Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration。Yale University Press。
17.
Przeworski, Adam、Teune, Henry(1970)。The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry。John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。
18.
Belloni, Roberto(2007)。State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia。London。
單篇論文
1.
Richter, Solveig(2008)。The End of an Odyssey in Bosnia and Herzegovina,http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5181.,(2008/C 19)。
2.
Uvin, Peter(2003)。Rwanda's Draft Constitution: Some Personal Reflections on Democracy and Conflict and the Role of the International Community,https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/5305/2601.pdf?sequence=1.。
3.
吳親恩,李鳳玉(20040930)。政治制度與族群衝突的緩和,http://www.ipsas.sinica.edu.tw/image/speech/38/1.pdf。
延伸查詢
其他
1.
嚴震生(20090913)。非洲「後衝突社會」的省思,http://mag.udn.com/mag/world/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=212404。
延伸查詢
2.
(2010)。Vote Counting Begins in Rwanda's Presidential Election,http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10908087?print=true.。
3.
de Briey, Laurent(2005)。Centripetalism in Consociational Democracy: The Multiple Proportional Vote,Université catholique de Louvain。,http://www.academia.edu/6406901/Centripetalism_in_Consociational_Democracy_The_Multiple_Proportional_Vote。
4.
(2017)。International Constitutional Law,http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/.。
5.
嚴震生(20100826)。盧旺達真是非洲的成功故事嗎?。
延伸查詢
6.
嚴震生(20081222)。盧安達大屠殺劊子手種族滅絕罪成立。
延伸查詢
圖書論文
1.
Bose, Sumantra(2006)。The Bosnian State a Decade After Dayton。Peace without Politics? Ten Years of International State-Building in Bosnia。New York:Routledge。
2.
Hartzell, Caroline、Hoddie, Mathew(2005)。Power Sharing in Peace Settlements: Initiating the Transition from Civil War。Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars。Ithaca:Cornell University。
3.
Keil, Soeren(2016)。Religious Pluralism and Multinational Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina。Politics of Religion and Nationalism。London:Routledge。
4.
Lyons, Terrence(2002)。The Role of Post-Settlement Elections。Ending Civil Wars。Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner。
5.
O'Halloran, Ratrick J.(2005)。Post-conflict Reconstruction: Constitutional and Transitional Power-sharing Arrangements in Bosnia and Kosovo。From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies。Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press。
6.
Rothchild, Donald、Roeder, Philip G.(2005)。Dilemmas of State-Building in Divided Socies。Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars。Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press。
7.
Rothchild, Donald、Roeder, Philip G.(2005)。Power Sharing as an Impediment to Peace and Democracy。Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars。Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press。
8.
Zahar, Marie-Joelle(2005)。The Dichotomy of International Mediation and Leader Intransigence: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina。Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies。London:Pluto Press。
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