Building Churches and Fighting for Religious Toleration--The Creation of the Free Church of Scotland and the Issue of Site-refusal, 1843~1847_

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題名：	Building Churches and Fighting for Religious Toleration--The Creation of the Free Church of Scotland and the Issue of Site-refusal, 1843~1847
書刊名：	輔仁宗教研究
作者：	蔡育潞
作者(外文)：	Tsai, Yu-lu
出版日期：	2020
卷期：	20:2=40
頁次：	頁125-171
主題關鍵詞：	蘇格蘭自由教會；教堂興建；拒地；宗教寬容；國會請願；Free Church of Scotland；Church building；Site-refusal；Religious toleration
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:5

蘇格蘭自由教會（Free Church of Scotland）是在1843年蘇格蘭教會（Established Church of Scotland）分裂後，由超過450名決定離開國教的牧師所創建。新建立之蘇格蘭自由教會的首要工作之一即是在蘇格蘭境內廣建教堂，然其信眾卻遭遇某些地主的反對，他們拒絕將土地租給或售給自由教會的信眾，迫使他們僅能在露天集會與禮拜。本論文利用蘇格蘭自由教會的教會記錄、發給會眾之通訊和手冊、自由教會與地主的通信內容、與英國國會的調查報告，首先探究自由教會在拒地之地區所遭遇的困難與因應之道。自由教會發表聲明並譴責拒地違反了宗教寬容的原則，而宗教寬容乃英國憲政所保障；自由教會透過對於國會的請願，要求國會介入調查，而國會也於1845年開始討論此議題。宗教寬容成為國會辯論主題，拒地之地主亦提出其主張，表明其行為係為了保護國教，並主張宗教寬容精神不應適用於那些破壞社會秩序與造成紛擾的教派。最終在1847年國會調查拒地問題之後，此問題逐漸消減。拒地問題之外，本文也會一併說明自由教會領導人所提出之中央建築基金（Central Building Fund）之計畫與執行情形。此一中央基金的概念是由查麥士（Thomas Chalmers）所提出，其用意在於將各地的募款匯集後，用以補助偏遠或貧窮地區興建教堂的花費，如此便能建立一個新的蘇格蘭民族教會。

以文找文

The Free Church of Scotland was created at the Disruption in May 1843 when over 450 ministers left the Established Church of Scotland, and the primary issue for the members of this new Church was to build churches throughout Scotland. A major difficulty for them came from certain proprietors or landowners who refused to sell the new Church sites for churches, forcing some congregations to worship in the open-air. By examining the records of the Free Church, the circulars issued by its General Assembly, and the correspondences between the congregations and those site-refusing landlords, this article explores how the Free Church members managed to find temporary places for worship in the post-Disruption period- a very novel and innovative method was to create a ＂floating church＂ on Loch Sunart. The Free Church argued that site-refusal violated the principle of religious toleration, a vital principle of the British constitution. The Free Church members petitioned Parliament and forced it to carry out an investigation in 1847; the site-refusals eased afterwards. This article also expatiates on the church building campaign of the Free Church. By devising a central building fund (proposed by Thomas Chalmers), the Free Church granted poorer congregations financial aids to build their churches, and hence the Free Church could become a national Church for the Scottish people.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Chambers, Don(19740301)。The Church of Scotland's Parochial Extension Scheme and the Scottish Disruption。Journal of Church and State，16(2)，263-286。

會議論文
1.	Brown, S. J.(1992)。Thomas Chalmers and the Communal Ideal in Victorian Scotland。A Joint Symposium of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the British Academy。Oxford：OUP for the British Academy。
2.	Brown, S. J.(1993)。Martyrdom in Early Victorian Scotland: Disruption Fathers and the Making of the Free Church。The 1992 Summer Meeting and the 1993 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society。Oxford：Blackwell。319-332。

學位論文
1.	Dalgleish, Andrew J.(1991)。Voluntary Associations and the Middle Class in Edinburgh, 1780-1820(博士論文)。University of Edinburgh。
2.	Honeycutt, Michael W.(2002)。William Cunningham. His Life, Thought, and Controversies(博士論文)。University of Edinburgh。

圖書
1.	Lyall, Francis(1980)。Of Presbyters and Kings: Church and State in the Law of Scotland。Aberdeen：Aberdeen University Press。
2.	Brown, Stewart J.(1982)。Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland。Oxford。
3.	Brown, Stewart J.(2008)。Providence and Empire: Religion, Politics and Society in the United Kingdom, 1815-1914。Pearson/Longman。
4.	Brown, Stewart J.(2001)。The National Churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1801-1846。Oxford：Oxford University Press。
5.	Drummond, Andrew Landale、Bulloch, James(1973)。The Scottish Church, 1688-1843: The Age of the Moderates。Edinburgh：St. Andrew Press。
6.	Macpherson, Hector(1905)。Scotland's Battles for Spiritual Independence。Edinburgh：Oliver and Boyd。
7.	McCrie, C. G.(1893)。The Free Church of Scotland: Her Ancestry, Her Claims, and Her Conflicts。Edinburgh：T. & T. Clark。
8.	Bayne, Peter(1894)。The Free Church of Scotland: Her Origin, Founders and Testimony。Edinburgh：T&T Clark。
9.	Rodger, Alan(2008)。The Courts, the Church and the Constitution Aspects of the Disruption of 1843。Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press。
10.	Church of Scotland(1834)。The Principal Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland: Convened at Edinburgh, the 22d Day of May 1834: Collected and Extracted from the Records by the Clerk Thereof。Edinburgh：John Waugh。
11.	Turner, Alexander(1859)。The Scottish Secession of 1843: Being an Examination of the Principles and Narrative of the Contest, Which Led to That Remarkable Event。Edinburgh：Paton and Ritchie。
12.	Chalmers, Thomas、Gordon, Robert、Dunlop, Alexander(1842)。The Church of Scotland's Claim of Right: To Which Are Prefixed the Speeches of Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Gordon, and Mr. Dunlop in the General Assembly, in Support of the Same, May 24, 1842。Edinburgh：John Johnstone。
13.	Hanna, William(1854)。Memoirs of Thomas Chalmers, D.D., LL.D。Edinburgh：Thomas Constable and Co.。
14.	Rainy, Robert(1871)。Life of William Cunningham, D.D.: Principal and Professor of Theology and Church History, New College, Edinburgh。Edinburgh：T. Nelson。
15.	Wilson, William、Candlish, Robert Smith、Rainy, Robert(1880)。Memorials of Robert Smith Candlish, D.D.: Minister of St. George's Free Church, and Principal of the New College, Edinburgh。Edinburgh：Adam and Charles Black。
16.	Smeaton, William Henry Oliphant(1900)。Thomas Guthrie。New York：C. Scribner's Sons。
17.	Ryley, George Buchanan、M'Candlish, John MacGregor(1893)。Scotland's Free Church: A Historical Retrospect and Memorial of the Disruption。Westminster：A. Constable。
18.	Ansdell, Douglas(1998)。The People of the Great Faith: The Highland Church, 1690-1900。Stornoway：Acair。
19.	Brown, Thomas(1893)。Annals of the Disruption: With Extracts from the Narratives of Ministers Who Left the Scottish Establishment in 1843。Edinburgh：MacNiven & Wallace。
20.	Collins, G. N. M.(1974)。The Heritage of Our Fathers: The Free Church of Scotland: Her Origin and Testimony。Edinburgh：The Knox Press。
21.	Chalmers, Thomas(1843)。Address Delivered by Dr. Chalmers: To the 'Tradesmen's Association for Promoting the Interests of the Church of Scotland': At a Meeting Held in Roxburgh Church, Edinburgh, on Thursday, 16th February, 1843。
22.	Brown, Callum G.(1997)。Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707。Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press。
23.	Free Church of Scotland、Gray, Andrew(1845)。Catechism on the Principles and Constitution of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh：John Johnstone。
24.	(1843)。Acts of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh：Free Church of Scotland。
25.	(1843)。Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh：Free Church of Scotland。
26.	(1843)。Reports on the Public Accounts of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh：Free Church of Scotland。
27.	(1843)。The Monthly Statement。Edinburgh：Free Church of Scotland Financial Committee。
28.	(1843)。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates。London：Hansard。
29.	(1847)。Reports from the Select Committee on Sites for Churches (Scotland): Together with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index。London：HMSO。
30.	Chalmers, Thomas(1844)。Considerations on the Economics of the Free Church of Scotland for 1844。Glasgow：William Collins。
31.	Chalmers, Thomas(1847)。Refusal of Sites: Evidence of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Chalmers; Extracted from the Third Report of the Parliamentary Committee。Edinburgh：W. P. Kennedy。
32.	Cousin & Gale, Architects (Firm)(1843)。Architectural Drawings of Church Plans。Edinburgh。
33.	Free Church of Scotland、Candlish, Robert Smith、Gordon, Robert(1843)。Circular Letter on the Scheme of Deputations to Assess the Needs of Presbyteries。
34.	Free Church of Scotland、Dunlop, Alexander、Bonar, J. J.(1843)。Circular Letter Regarding Church Collections。
35.	Free Church of Scotland、Chalmers, Thomas、Bonar, J. J.(1843)。Subscriptions for the Erection of Churches in Connection with the Free Church of Scotland: According to a Scheme Proposed by the Rev. Dr. Chalmers, at a Public Breakfast given to Him at Aberdeen, on Saturday, 9th September 1843。Edinburgh。
36.	Free Church of Scotland、Hamilton, John、Bonar, J. J.(1845)。Communication to the Friends of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh。
37.	Free Church of Scotland、Speirs, Graham、Bonar, J. J.(1846)。Circular Urging Congregations to Petition Parliament Regarding a Bill to Be Passed Regulating the Sale of Sites for Churches, Manses and Schools。Edinburgh：John Johnstone。
38.	Free Church of Scotland(1846)。Correspondence Relative to the Refusal of Sites for Churches, Manses, &c。Edinburgh：John Johnstone。
39.	Free Church of Scotland(1846)。Notice for the Free Church of Scotland: Collecting Week from Sabbath the 22nd to Sabbath the 29th Nov. 1846: Central Building Fund。Edinburgh。
40.	Free Church of Scotland(1847)。Memorial: Refusal of Sites。Edinburgh：W. P. Kennedy。
41.	Free Church of Scotland、Begg, James(1848)。Circular on the Late Convener, John Hamilton, and the Need to Replenish the Building Fund。Edinburgh。
42.	General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland(1845)。Refusal of Sites: Petition to Parliament and Appendix of Documents。Edinburgh：John Greig。
43.	Guthrie, Thomas(1845)。Manse Fund of the Free Church of Scotland: Speech of the Rev. Thomas Guthrie, at the Great Public Meeting Held in the City Hall, Glasgow, on the 9th July, 1845。Glasgow：William Collins & Co.。
44.	(1854)。Illustrations of the Principles of Toleration in Scotland。Edinburgh：W. P. Kennedy。
45.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Additional Suggestions Respecting the Construction of Places of Worship, Suitable to Be Provided on the Disruption of the Church。Edinburgh。
46.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Architectural Sub-Committee: Buildings; Suggestions and Queries, Respecting the Construction of Places of Worship, Suitable to Be Provided in the Event of the Disruption of the Church。Edinburgh。
47.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Building Department。Edinburgh。
48.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Fifth Communication to the Friends of the Church of Scotland. under the Authority of the Provisional Committee Constituted by the United Committees of the Convocation of Ministers and General Meeting of Elders。Edinburgh：Johnstone & Fairly。
49.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Sixth Communication to the Friends of the Church of Scotland. under the Authority of the Provisional Committee Constituted by the United Committees of the Convocation of Ministers and General Meeting of Elders。Edinburgh：Johnstone & Fairly。
50.	Provisional Committee of Ministers and Elders, Church of Scotland(1843)。Eighth Communication to the Friends of the Church of Scotland. under the Authority of the Provisional Committee Constituted by the United Committees of the Convocation of Ministers and General Meeting of Elders。Edinburgh：Johnstone & Fairly。
51.	Special Commission of the General Assembly, Free Church of Scotland(18430808)。Minute of the Special Commission of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh。
52.	St. George's Free Church (Edinburgh, Scotland)(1846)。Third Annual Report of the Deacon's Court to the Congregation of St. George's Free Church。Edinburgh。
53.	Beith, Alexander(1874)。A Highland Tour。Edinburgh：Adam and Charles Black。
54.	Bryce, James(1850)。Ten Years of the Church of Scotland, from 1833 to 1843: With Historical Retrospect from 1560。Edinburgh：Blackwood。
55.	Buchanan, Robert(1849)。The Ten Years' Conflict: Being the History of the Disruption of the Church of Scotland。Blackie。
56.	Henderson, G. D.(1943)。Heritage: A Study of the Disruption。Edinburgh：Oliver and Boyd。
57.	Walker, Norman L.(1877)。Robert Buchanan, D. D.: An Ecclesiastical Biography。T. Nelson。
58.	Walker, Norman L.(1895)。Chapters from the History of the Free Church of Scotland。Edinburgh：Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier。
59.	Wylie, James A.(1881)。Disruption Worthies: A Memorial of 1843, with an Historical Sketch of the Free Church of Scotland from 1843 down to the Present Time。Edinburgh：T. C. Jack。
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63.	Rogers, James E. T.(2006)。Six Centuries of Work and Wages: the History of English Labour。London：Routledge。

其他
1.	Free Church of Scotland(1845)。Proceedings of the Commission of the General Assembly, 19th November 1845, Relative to the Refusal of Sites，Edinburgh：John Johnstone。

圖書論文
1.	Brown, Stewart(1993)。The Ten Years' Conflict and the Disruption of 1843。Scotland in the Age of the Disruption。Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press。
2.	Porter, Roy、Grell, Ole Peter(1999)。Toleration in Enlightenment Europe。Toleration in Enlightenment Europe。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
3.	Cheyne, A. C.(1999)。The Ten Years' Conflict and the Disruption: An Overview。Studies in Scottish Church History。Edinburgh：T&T Clark。

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