After its establishment in 1949, the PRC government began to reform and control the Catholic Church in mainland China. It cut off the political and economic relations between mainland Chinese Catholics and the Vatican, not only arresting a large number of Catholic priests to clear away Papal influence, but also vigorously promoting among Chinese Catholics a "three-self patriotic movement" emphasizing self-government, self-propagation of religion, and self-support. The establishment of the China Patriotic Catholic Association in 1957 marked Beijing's basic success in accomplishing reform and control of the Catholic Church in mainland China, and in freeing it from the Pope's rule. A Chinese Catholic Bishops College was established in 1980 to meet the new needs of religious united front work and religious management. Since then, Beijing has controlled the activities of mainland Chinese Catholics through the China Patriotic Catholic Association and the Chinese Catholic Bishops College. To prevent the Vatican from spreading its influence into mainland China again, Beijing has these two organizations run Catholic activities, select and assign bishops, and develop Catholic rituals with Chinese characteristics. Through them, Beijing has established a rather vigorous system for the management of mainland Chinese Catholics to prevent them from engaging in subversive activities. Moreover, through establishing seminaries and monasteries, Beijing has raised a batch of patriotic priests and missionaries supporting the Chinese Communist Party's leadership and the socialist system so that the self-run Catholic Church in mainland China would be consolidated. Beijing has also instructed them to independently develop friendly relations, with the Vatican and perform international religious united front work. At present, "Beijing and the Vatican have already resumed dialogue and contacts. However, Beijing has stuck to the principle that the mainland Chinese Catholic church should be independent from the Vatican, while the Vatican continues to emphasize freedom of religious belief. It seems that the stalemate will not be brolen in the near future.