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題名:伊朗伊斯蘭共和國之海灣政策, 1979-1993
作者:陳文生
作者(外文):Chen, Wen-Sheng
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:政治學研究所
指導教授:蔡政文
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:伊朗伊斯蘭海灣區域現實主義兩伊戰爭伊科戰爭輸出革命阿拉伯IranIslamicGulf regionrealismIran-Iraq warKuwait warexport of revolutionArab
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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論文摘要
本論文主要以現實主義理論(realism)檢視伊朗自1979迄1993年期間的海灣政策,並根據其政策取向的基本特性,分辨出突破現狀及維持現狀兩個截然不同的政策屬性及類型。筆者以此兩大政策類型將伊朗之海灣政策劃分為兩大階段、四大政策,從而探索這些政策的內外在影響因素、決策過程,並評估其所產生之效果與影響。針對此十四年期間之政策,筆者特別著重於分析代表重大變遷與轉折的四大政策,分別為:1979年開始推動之輸出革命政策,1982年之發動入侵伊拉克政策,1988年之驟然接受聯合國兩伊停火決議,及在1990-91年之伊科戰爭期間所採取之中立政策。
透過一系列的解剖、分析、歸納及解釋,本文清楚掌握伊朗之海灣政策的脈絡,及釐清影響其政策之轉折與變遷的因素,從而尋找出政策之特性與律動。而且,本文亦透過對伊朗海灣政策之成效與困境的檢討及影響效果的評估,提出一些可供外交決策之反思及參考的分析。除了伊朗海灣政策的研究外,本論文也適度掌握了海灣區域政治運作之特質。此外,本文也檢討了現實主義理論在本論文之適用,並提出修正與補充之見解。
註 釋
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--------. 1980a. Resolution 479(1980)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2244th meeting on 28 September 1980.
--------. 1980b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President of the Security Council on 5 November 1980.
--------. 1982a. Resolution 514(1982)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2383rd meeting on 12 July 1982.
--------. 1982b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President of the Security Council on 15 July 1982.
--------. 1982c. Resolution 522(1982)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2399th meeting on 4 October 1982.
--------. 1984a. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-read out by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2524th meeting on 30 March 1984.
--------. 1984b. Resolution 552(1984)-“Middle East Situation-Iran”-adopted by the Security Council at its 2546th meeting on 1 June 1984.
--------. 1984c. Secretary-General’s Letter-Iran & Iraq. 14 June 1984., the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council.
--------. 1985a. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President on 5 March 1985 , after consultations with the members of the Security Council.
--------. 1985b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President on 15 March 1985 , after consultations with the members of the Security Council.
--------. 1986a. Resolution 582(1986)-Iran & Iraq- adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2666th meeting on 24 February 1986.
--------. 1986b. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council on 21 March 1986.
--------. 1986c. Resolution 588(1986)-Iran & Iraq- adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2713th meeting on 8 October 1986.
--------. 1987a. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Council on 14 May 1987.
--------. 1987b. Resolution 598(1987)-“Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the Security Council at its 2750th meeting on 20 July 1987.
--------. 1988a. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2798th meeting on 16 March 1988.
--------. 1988b. Resolution 612(1988)-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2812th meeting on 9 May 1988.
--------. 1988c. Resolution 616(1988)-Destruction of Iran Air Flight by U.S. Naval Vessel-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2821th meeting on 20 July 1988.
--------. 1988d. Secretary-General’s Statement-““Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-made by the Secretary-General at its 2823th meeting on 8 August 1988.
--------. 1988e. Presidential Statement-““Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2823th meeting on 8 August 1988.
--------. 1988f. Resolution 620(1988)-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2825th meeting on 26 August 1988.
Vasquez, John A. 1983. The Power of Power Politics. London: Frances Printer.
Velayati, Ali Akbar. 1991. “Iran’s Foreign Policy on Palestine and the Persian Gulf.” Echo of Islam. September 1991. Pp. 40-42.(The author was the Foreign Minister of Iran during 1981-1997)
--------. 1995. Iranian Foreign Minister Velayati’s Interview with the Italian newspaper “Panorama”. Echo of Islam. July 1995. Pp. 18-19.
Vucinich. 1990. “Islam.” In Crollier Encyclopedia 1990. Pp. 310-314.
Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Watson, Bruce W. et.al., 1998. Military Lessons (中譯本): 247-252;259-260;304;311-312.
Yodfat, Aryeh Y. 1984. The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran. London: Croom Helm Ltd.
Zabih, Sepehr. 1982. Iran since the Revolution. London: Croom Helm Ltd.
--------. 1988. The Iranian Military in Revolution and War. London: Routledge.
Zarif, Javad. 1999. Text of Remarks at Columbia University, 4 October 1999. www.un.int/iran/
參 考 文 獻
壹、官方文件、官方講詞及文稿
Algar, Hamid. 1981. Islam and Revolution-Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkley: Mizan Press.
Aminzadeh, Mohsen. Et al. 1998. “New Regional Geopolitical Developments and the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Middle East Studies(Quarterly). Center for Scientific Research and Middle East Strategic Studies. Summer and Fall 1998, Vol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2. Mr. M. Aaminzadeh is Islamic Iran’s Deputy Foreign Minister for Asia and Oceania.
Carter, Jimmy. 1980. The State of the Union Address. The White House, January 23, 1980. A Joint Session of the Congress.
Ghorbani, Mahmoud。2000。The author interviewed with the pious Shiite Muslim Mr. Mahmoud Ghorbani who is an Iranian.
Javad Zarif. 1999. Text of Remarks at Columbia University, 4 October 1999. ( www.un.int/iran/ ). Mr. Zarif is the Deputy Foreign Minister of I. R. I.
Kharrazi, Kamal. 1997d. “Iran’s Foreign Policy Priority.” Speech in Athens, Greece (December 23, 1997) at the Institute of International Relations, Panteion University of Social and Political Science. Mr. Kharrazi is the Foreign Minister of Islamic Iran.
Khamenei, Sayyed Ali. 1991. “Preserving Principles in Any Condition.” Echo of Islam. 1991, Serial No. 83. Pp.16-17. Mr. Khamenei is the Islamic Iran’s supreme leader since 1989 .
Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad. 1998. “Letter Dated 26 February 1998 from the Islamic Republic of Iran addressed to the Secretary-General.” on the Website of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations. Mr. Khatami is the President of Islamic Iran since 1997.
Khomeini, Imam. 1978. “Thirty Million People Have Stood Up.” Interviewed with and translated by Dr. Algart. Annotated by Hamid Algar. 1981. Islam and Revolution-Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkley: Mizan Press. Pp. 321-328. Mr. Khomeini is the supreme leader of Islamic Iran from 1979 to 1989.
--------. 1980a. “Message to the Pilgrims.” Annotated by Hamid Algar. 1981. Islam and Revolution-Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkley: Mizan Press. Pp. 300-306. Mr. Khomeini is the supreme leader of Islamic Iran from 1979 to 1989.
--------. 1980b. “The Religious Scholars Led the Revolt.” Interviewed with and translated by Dr. Algart. Annotated by Hamid Algar. 1981. Islam and Revolution-Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkley: Mizan Press. Pp. 329-343. Mr. Khomeini is the supreme leader of Islamic Iran from 1979 to 1989.
--------. 1990. “Neither East Nor West.” Echo of Islam. 1990, Serial No. 81. P.8. Mr. Khomeini is the supreme leader of Islamic Iran from 1979 to 1989.
--------. 1991. “On the Glory of Martyrdom-Imam’s Views.” Echo of Islam. 1991, Serial No. 84. P. 6.
Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashim. 1995. Iranian President Rafsanjani in a Live Interview with CNN on July 2, 1995. Echo of Islam. August 1995. Pp. 40-43. Mr. Rafsanjani is the President of Islamic Iran from 1989 to 1997.
--------. 2000. An Interview with Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Hamshahri by Hamshahri (Morning Daily). Entitled “May 23 Is an Evolutionary Trend; It Must Be Guarded. ” Hamshahri (Morning Daily). Jan. 9 & 10, 2000. Pages: 14 & 15, 4 & 15. Mr. Rafsanjani is the President of Islamic Iran from 1989 to 1997.
Rajai, Mohammad Ali. 1980. Statement of Mohammad Ali Rajai, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before the Security Council of the United Nations, October 17th ,1980. In Tareq Y. Ismael. Ed. Iraq and Iran-Roots of Conflicts. Appendix II. N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Mr. Rajai is the Premier of Islamic Iran from 1980 to 1981.
UNSC. 1974a. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-read by the President representing the consensus of the members of the Security Council at its 1764th meeting on 28 February 1974.
--------. 1974b. Resolution 348(1974)- Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 1770th meeting on 28 May 1974.
--------. 1980a. Resolution 479(1980)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2244th meeting on 28 September 1980.
--------. 1980b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President of the Security Council on 5 November 1980.
--------. 1982a. Resolution 514(1982)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2383rd meeting on 12 July 1982.
--------. 1982b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President of the Security Council on 15 July 1982.
--------. 1982c. Resolution 522(1982)-Iran & Iraq -adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2399th meeting on 4 October 1982.
--------. 1984a. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-read out by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2524th meeting on 30 March 1984.
--------. 1984b. Resolution 552(1984)-“Middle East Situation-Iran”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2546th meeting on 1 June 1984.
--------. 1984c. Secretary-General’s Letter-Iran & Iraq. 14 June 1984, the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council.
--------. 1985a. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President on 5 March 1985 , after consultations with the members of the Security Council.
--------. 1985b. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-issued by the President on 15 March 1985 , after consultations with the members of the Security Council.
--------. 1986a. Resolution 582(1986)-Iran & Iraq- adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2666th meeting on 24 February 1986.
--------. 1986b. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council on 21 March 1986.
--------. 1986c. Resolution 588(1986)-Iran & Iraq- adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2713th meeting on 8 October 1986.
--------. 1987a. Presidential Statement-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council on 14 May 1987.
--------. 1987b. Resolution 598(1987)-“Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2750th meeting on 20 July 1987.
--------. 1988a. Presidential Statement-Iran & Iraq-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2798th meeting on 16 March 1988.
--------. 1988b. Resolution 612(1988)-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2812th meeting on 9 May 1988.
--------. 1988c. Resolution 616(1988)-Destruction of Iran Air Flight by U.S. Naval Vessel-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2821th meeting on 20 July 1988.
--------. 1988d. Secretary-General’s Statement-“Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-made by the Secretary-General at its 2823th meeting on 8 August 1988.
--------. 1988e. Presidential Statement-““Cease Fire-Iran & Iraq”-made by the President on behalf of the members of the Security Council at its 2823th meeting on 8 August 1988.
--------. 1988f. Resolution 620(1988)-“Chemical Weapons-Iran & Iraq”-adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2825th meeting on 26 August 1988.
Velayati, Ali Akbar. 1991. “Iran’s Foreign Policy on Palestine and the Persian Gulf.” Echo of Islam. September 1991. Pp. 40-42. Mr. Velayati is the Foreign Minister of Islamic Iran from 1981-1997.
--------. 1995. Iranian Foreign Minister Velayati’s Interview with the Italian newspaper “Panorama”. Echo of Islam. July 1995. Pp. 18-19. Mr. Velayati is the Foreign Minister of Islamic Iran from 1981-1997
貳、報紙、雜誌
Echo. No. 83/1991. “Preserving Principles in Any Condition.” Echo of Islam. 1991, Serial No. 83. Pp.16-17.)
--------. Oct./1991. “ ‘Second Camp David’ to Benefit Who?” Echo of Islam, October 1991. Pp. 17-18.
--------. 1991. “The New Cold War & the Capabilities of the Third War.” Echo of Islam, April 1993. Pp. 28-30.
--------. 1995. “US Foreign Policy in Middle East and Persian Gulf after the Cold War.” Echo of Islam, March 1995. Pp. 13-14.
--------. Apr. & May/1996. “ Export of Revolution from Imam Khomeini’s Point View.” Book Review. Echo of Islam. Apr. & May 1996.
--------. Jan/1997. “Iran’s Diplomacy in 1996.” Echo of Islam. January 1997. Pp. 11-12.
--------. Feb/1997. “Iran: A Political Power.” Echo of Islam. February 1997. Pp. 19-21.
Ettela’at. June 19, 1988.
Garodi, Roget. 1991. “The Persian Gulf War: An Example of the United States’ Imperialism.” Echo of Islam. August 1992. Pp. 12-16.
IRNA 09/10/94. Islamic Republic News Agency Website: www.irna.com/index.htm
Tehran Time. 09/10/1994. “Editorial.” On IRNA website: www.irna.com/index.htm
Salaam. July 18, 1995 “The Reasons for Iran’s Acceptance of the U.N. Security Council.” Salaam (Morning Daily), Tuesday, July 18, 1995. Page 2, 9 and 12. On NetIran Website.
--------. May 3, 1997 “How the Political Currents Were Formed in IRI?” Salaam (Morning Daily), Tuesday, May 3, 1997. Page 7. On NetIran Website.
--------. May 4, 1997 “The History and Outlooks of the Islamic Revolution Mujahideen Organization (IRMO)”. Salaam (Morning Daily), Sunday, May 4, 1997. Page 9. On NetIran Website.
--------. May 10 & 11, 1997 “The History of Formation Performance and Viewpoints of Tehran Militant Clerics Leaque(TMCL).” Salaam (Morning Daily). Saturday & Sunday, May 10 & 11, 1997. Page 9 & 9. On NetIran Website.
--------. May 13, 1997. “The Military Clergy Association(MCA) and the Concurrent Groups.” Salaam (Morning Daily). Tuesday, May 13, 1997. Page 9. On NetIran Website.
--------. May 18, 1997. “The Executives of Construction Group.” Salaam (Morning Daily). Sunday, May 18, 1997. Page 9. On NetIran Website.
參、期刊論文
Amuzegar, Jahangar. 1997. “Iran’s Economy and the US Sanctions.” The Middle East Journal . 51(2): 185-199.
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Brecher, Michael., Blema Steinberg, and Janice Stein. 1969. “A Framework for Research on Foreign Policy Behavior.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 13, No. 1(March).
Cederman, Lars-Erik. 1994. “Emergent Polarity: Analyzing State-Formation and Power Politics.” International Studies Quarterly. 38: 501-533.
Christensen, Thomas J. and Jack Snyder. 1997. “Progressive Research on Degenerate Alliances.” American Political Science Review. 91(December): 919-922.
Cottam, Richard. 1989. “Inside Revolutionary Iran.” The Middle East Journal. 43(2): 168-185.
Dezfuli, Murtaza Ansari. 1997. “Persian Gulf through the Century (III).” Echo of Islam. February, 1997. Pp. 32-34.
Eilts, Herman Frederick. 1991. “The Persian Gulf Crisis: Perspective and Prospects” The Middle East Journal. 45(1): 7-22.
Elman, Colin, and Miriam Fendius Elman. 1997. “Lakatos and Neorealism: A Reply to Vasquez.” American Political Science Review. 91(December): 923-926.
Esposito, John L. and James P. Piscatori. 1991. “Democratization and Islam.” The Middle East Journal. 45(3): 427-440.
Fairbanks, Stephen C. 1998. “Theocracy versus Democracy: Iran Considers Political Parties. ” The Middle East Journal. 52(1): 17-31.
Falk, Richard. 1993. “Can US Policy toward the Middle East Change Course.” The Middle East Journal. 47(1): 11-20.
Farahani, A. B. 2000. “Parties in Iran.” NetIran Office. February 2000. On NetIran Website.
Farzin, Sarabi. 1994. “The Post-Khomeini Era in Iran: The Elections of the Fourth Islamic Majlis.” The Middle East Journal. 48(1): 89-107.
Forde, Steven. 1995. “International Realism and the Science of Politics: Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Neorealism.” International Studies Quarterly. 39: 141-160.
Fozouni, Baham. 1995. “Confutation of Political Realism.” International Studies Quarterly. 39: 479-510.
Fuller, Granam E. 1990. “The Middle East in US-Soviet Relations.” Middle East Journal. 44(3): 417-430.
Gaddis, John Lewis. 1992. “International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War.” International Security. 17(Winter): 5-58.
Gillespie, Kate. 1990. “US Corporation and Iran at the Hague.” The Middle East Journal . 44(1): 18-36.
Goodman, Melvin and Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl. 1988. “Gorbachev’s ‘New Directions’ in the Middle East.” The Middle East Journal. 42(4): 571-586.
Halliday, Fred. 1994. “An Elusive Normalization: Western Europe and the Iranian Revolution.” The Middle East Journal. 48(2): 309-326.
Hamilton, Lee H. 1989. “Challenges for United States Policy in the Middle East.” The Middle East Journal. 43(1): 7-15.
Hudson, Michael C. 1991. “After the Gulf War: Prospects for Democratization in the Arab World.” The Middle East Journal. 45(3): 408-426.
--------. 1996. “To Play the Hegemon: Fifty Years of US Policy toward The Middle East.” The Middle East Journal. 50(3): 330-343.
Isenberg, David. 1993. “Desert Storm Redux?” The Middle East Journal. 47(3): 430-443.
Karabell, Zachary. 1995. “ Backfire: US Policy toward Iraq, 1988-2 August 1990.” The Middle East Journal. 48(2): 28-47.
Karsh, Efraim. 1990. “Geopolitical Determinism: The Origins of the Iran-Iraq War.” Middle East Journal. 44(2): 256-268.
--------. 1997. “Cold War, Post-Cold War: does it make a difference for Middle East?” Review of International Studies. 23: 271-291.
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Kegley, Charles W, Jr. 1993. “The Neoidealist Movement in International Studies? Realist Myth and the New International Realities.” International Studies Quarterly. 37: 131-146.
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Maksoud Clovis. 1995. “Diminished Sovereignty, Enhanced Sovereignty: United Nations-Arab League Relations at 50.” The Middle East Journal. 49(4): 582-594.
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Mojtahedzadeh, Parviz. Et al. 1998. “New Regional Geopolitical Developments and the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Middle East Studies(Quarterly). Center for Scientific Research and Middle East Strategic Studies. Summer and Fall 1998, Vol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2.
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--------. 1992. “Iran’s Foreign Policy: Both North and South.” The Middle East Journal. 46(3): 393-412.
--------. 1998. “The Shifting Premise of Iran’s Foreign Policy: Towards a Democratic Peace?” The Middle East Journal. 52(2): 177-187.
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Sick, Gary. 1989. “Trial by Error: Reflections on the Iran-Iraq War.” The Middle East Journal. 43(2): 230-245.
Taghavi, Mehdi. 1997. “Iranian Growth Performance-Obstacles and Remedies”. For CIDES Seminar, Jakarta, Indonesia. October 7, 1997.
Tavakkoli, Seyed Mohsen. 1995. “United States Perception of Persian Gulf Security.” Echo of Islam. January 1995.
Thomson, Janice E. 1995. “State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research.” International Studies Quarterly. 39: 213-233.
Urquhart, Brian. 1995. “The United Nations in the Middle East: A 50-Year Restropective.” Middle East Journal. 49(4): 572-581.
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Wohlforth, William C. 1995. “Realism and the End of the Cold War.” International Security. 19(Winter): 91-129.
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肆、書 籍
一、中 文
外交部。1992。〈外交報告書〉。中華民國外交部出版。
---------。1998。〈中華民國八十六年外交年鑑〉。台北:外交部。
伊朗駐滬總領事館。1999。〈伊朗伊斯蘭共和國〉。上海市。
朱威烈。1993。〈世界熱點:中東〉。台北:五南書局。
朱張碧珠。1997。《柯林頓政府中東政策之剖析》。〈政治科學論叢〉。第八期。頁165-182。new window
吳釗燮。1990。《美國在波灣危機中的政策窘境〉。〈美國月刊〉。第55期,5卷,7號。
--------。1991。《波灣戰後之安全體系問題》。〈美國月刊〉。第61期,5卷,5號。
---------。1991。《波灣戰後之中東局勢》。〈問題與研究〉。第30卷,4期。
---------。1996。〈中東的和平與戰爭--衝突降低與爭端解決〉。台北:志一出版社。
林碧炤。1990。〈國際政治與外交政策〉。台北:五南圖書出版有限公司。
周 煦。1990。〈強權競爭下的阿富汗〉。台北:漢苑出版社。
洪秀菊。1990。〈美國人質危機之研究〉。政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。
---------。1990。〈柯梅尼和伊朗回教革命〉。台北:五南出版社。
---------。1999。〈危機決策:美伊人質危機個案〉。台北:商鼎文化。
徐正祥。1989。《何梅尼的一生》。〈歷史月刊〉。第18期。頁134-136。台北:歷史月刊出版社。
高亞偉。1979。〈世界通史〉。上冊。台北:作者自印。
黃鴻釗。1996。〈中東簡史〉。台北:書林出版有限公司。
蔡百銓。1995。《從波斯到伊斯蘭共和國》。〈歷史月刊〉。第90期,頁36-42。
蔡政文。1978。〈核子時代國際關係的特質:體系、和平、戰爭〉。增訂版。台北:作者自印。
---------。1989。〈當前國際關係理論發展及其評估〉。初版。台北:三民書局。
二、英 文
Abdulghani, Jasim M. 1984. Iraq & Iran: The Years of Crisis. London: Croom Helm Ltd.
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1982. Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
------. 1993. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press.
Acharya., Amitav. 1989. U.S. Military Strategy in the Gulf: Origins and Evolution under the Carter and Reagan Administrations. London: Routledge.
Afrasiabi K. L. 1994. After Khomeini: New Directions in Iran’s Foreign Policy. Colorado: Westview Press.
Ahrari, M. E. 1989. “Khomeini’s Iran and Threats to Gulf Security.” Ed. M. E. Ahrari. The Gulf and International Security: The 1980s and Beyond. London: Macmillian Press.
Al-Anzi, Abdulla Meshail A. 1986. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Reasons and Challenges, Critical and Analytical Study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Claremont Graduate School. Michigan: U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service.
Alaolmolki, Nozar. 1991. Struggle for Dominance in the Persian Gulf. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
Alavi, Alireza. 1984. The Revolutionary Process in Iran: January 1978─April 1979. Ph.D. Dissertation. Kent State University. Michigan: U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service.
Algar, Hamid. 1981. Islam and Revolution-Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkley: Mizan Press.
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