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題名:地圖上地名選取與註記配置自動化之研究
作者:趙家民 引用關係
作者(外文):Chia Min Chao
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:地學研究所
指導教授:劉承洲
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:地名選取地名配置Geographical name selectionName placement
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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論文內容提要:
地名為地圖重要內容之一,讀圖者欲瞭解空間資訊,必須先查閱地圖上的地名及其相關資料,以獲取最佳之空間訊息,如果地圖上沒有地名的存在,就宛如一張啞巴圖,無法讓人理解其顯示之空間資訊,因此地名具有其它圖形要素(點、線、面)所無法表達的特性。
目前正在發展中的數值地圖與地理資訊系統,其成效均有賴於地名資料庫的規劃是否合宜而定。因此地名資料庫建置之良窳,已成為直接影響地圖生產自動化的關鍵。而建立地名資料庫首重地名標準化作業,美國近年實施之地名標準化作業方式可供吾人參考借鏡。
傳統上地圖地名註記配置的處理,由於資料量大,因此處理上均是耗時且費力的工作。近年來拜電腦科技發展及其它各領域應用之賜,如人工智慧、類神經網路、模糊理論等,因而使地圖編繪工作已由人工作業朝向自動化發展,這也是現代製圖自動化的必然趨勢。
本文針對台灣地區系列地圖上地名之選取為研究對象,研究結果如下:
一、台灣地區系列地圖中的地名,比例尺由1/5,000至1/25,000圖上地名
幾乎全部保留,然而至1/100,000西部地區地名約保留一半左右,但
東部地區地名仍維持不變。另行政等級三等地名,如鄉、鎮、縣轄
市,在1/1,000,000以上之小比例尺地圖也是全部保留。而四等地名
僅留存122個。
二、選取系列地圖之地名時,引用Tofer 方根定律,發現小比例尺地圖由
1/250,000至1/500,000理論值(0.85)與實際值(0.83-0.87)相
近,另由1/500,000至1/1,000,000理論值(0.62)與實際值(0.83-
0.89)差異甚大,考其原因,乃是1/500,000至1/1,000,000採用非同
一系列地圖,以及參考不同資料與製圖規則所致。
三、地名之選取必須考量製圖目的、主題與比例尺,而地名的重要性可藉
由屬性資料分析擇取其重要性,如(一)人口密度(二)產業結構
(三)教育程度(四)求學與工作之比值等。
四、地名註記配置應以Yoeli八個方向優先順序配置比較適宜,然而分析
國內官方出版之地圖集大多數地名註記之配置係依照製圖者個人喜好
與偏愛,並無一定之遵循方向。因此,筆者主張地圖註記配置必需考
量:(一)避免配置過於擁擠;(二)能夠適時指出註記配置。故本
文對此問題之研究與分析,同時結合專家系統並建立地名資料庫,依
照屬性資料分類及分析其主題性,同時配合自行發展之「地名註記配
置自動化」研究成果,以期解決龐雜之地名註記配置問題。
本論文首重地名註記配置問題,經由學者指出地圖製作中之地名配置問題,約略花費50%製圖時間及40%經費,因此對於地圖製作是一項耗時且費力的工作。再者由編圖者個人認知及地理專業知識不足,往往製成的地圖與所欲表達主題性差異甚大,導致讀(用)圖者產生錯誤的認知。因此本文藉由地名資料庫的建立及地名標準化作業,作為提升地名於地圖上選取作業依據,以利地圖簡化時不同比例尺地名能夠呈現規則性。又文內配合自行發展之「地名註記配置自動化」程式設計,對於目前GIS成圖有關地名輸出部份甚有助益,成果尚稱理想,對於時間及成本方面均可大幅節省,並能建立一致的客觀性。惟文內僅針對點狀地名註記作深入之探討,並未結合圖形要素併入討論,為其不足之處,上述問題值得吾人繼續探討。
Abstract
Geographical name is an important content for the map. In order to get the space information from the map,reader must look up the geographical name and relative information first. Then he can get the best space information. Without the geographical name on the map, it does like a dummy map. Therefore, geographical name contains the prime characteristic that the elements of map(i.e. point,line,area)can''t be expressed.
The effectiveness of digital map and Geography Information System(GIS)that is under-development depend on the planning for the database of the geographical name. Therefore, the rightness of setting up the database for geographical name becomes a key factor of the automatic map developing. On the other hand, the Standard Operation Procedure(SOP)for setting up the database of geographical name is also a prime factor. The SOP for setting up of the database adopts by the Unite State recently is a reference for our country.
On the tradition, combining the geographical names and remarks on the map need a large datum quantum and waste a lot of time and money. For the developing of the computer and relate technology(i.e. human intelligence, network of analogy nerve and theory of fuzzy ),the compiler for the map is developing from human-being working process toward automatic process which is a modern and necessary tendency.
In this study, the author selects the geographical name from the Taiwan region serial map as a prototype. The conclusion as follows,
1.The author reserves most of geographical name on the
Taiwan serial map that the scale rangers from 1/5,000 to
1/25,000. For the western region of Taiwan with scale
1/100,000 reserves half of them and for the eastern region
Taiwan reserves all of them. The administrative name(i.e.
CHEN、HAIANG、SHIH) with small scale 1/1,000,000 also
reserves all of them. On the fourth geographical name
reserves112 names.
2.According to Tofer Law, using selection geographical name
from serial map with the small scale map ranges from
1/250,000 to 1/500,000,the theory value (0.83-0.87) are
very similar. On country, the map scale ranges from
1/500,000 to 1/10,000,000,the theory value(0.62)and
practical value (0.83-0.89) are quit different. The
reason why the map scale ranges from 1/500,000 to
1/10,000,000 are using the difference serial of maps,
resources, and cartographic rules.
3.Selection of the geographical name must consider the
purpose of cartography, the main topic and the scale.
Using the analysis of data attribution , selecting the
important factors of geographical name, such as: 1)
population density, 2)sector (profession)structure, 3)
level of education, 4)worker to education receiver.
4.Using method of the Yoeli eight-direction priority
sequence to the name placement will be more suitable. On
the analysis from the official publications, the name
placement are according to the personal preference and
partiality, they may not follow the same rules. Therefore,
advocating the name placement must be considered the
followings: 1)avoiding the congestion of placement, 2)
pointing out the name placement just in times. According
to the research and analysis from these questions,
combining with expert system, development database for
geographical name, attributing data classification and
analysis for the topic, and self-developing so called
「Automatic name placement system」 from this study to
solve these complicated problems of name placement.
In this study, the name placement is the first priority. Scholars point out during the cartographic process, spend 50% of the time and cost 40% of the budget on name placement. It''s really a kind of heavy burden on wasting time and money. Furthermore, the map designer''s personal recognition and lacking of geography specialty knowledge, cause diversity between the mapmaker''s recognition and the subject sense, and result in the misunderstanding for the usage. From this study, developing the database and SOP for the geographical name will upgrade the selection procedure dependencies for it. It will be beneficial for the simplification of the geographical name on different scale and in the same regulation. On the other hand, the self-developing so called「Automatic name placement system」 will also be beneficial for the output of geographical name on the GIS''s map and solve the point name placement questions. Up to now, the conclusion like ideality, saves a lot of time and money, and sets up an objectivity with compliance. The point name placement is pointed out in this study, but the combination with the graphic elements is still needed for further study.
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