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題名:卡特民航解制決策之評析
作者:容繼業 引用關係
作者(外文):Chi Yeh Yung
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:李本京
學位類別:博士
出版日期:1999
主題關鍵詞:管制解制決策過程菁英暨組織策模式regulationderegulationdecision-making processElite Theory and the Organizational Decision-Making Model
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論文名稱:卡特政府民航解制決策之評析 頁數:376
 
校系(所)組別:淡江大學美國研究所
 
畢業時間及提要別:八十八學年度第一學期博士學位論文提要 
研究生:容繼業 指導教授:李本京 博士
 
論文提要內容:
本論文係研究卡特政府的民航解制決策。就政策形成的研究而論,政策之決策過程締造了政策的結果。是故,本論文的研究目的在剖析美國於一九七四年至一九七八年民航改革期間,影響卡特政府民航解制決策的重要因素及其間之關聯性。 本研究係採關鍵案例研究(Crucial Case Study)與決策分析途徑(Decision-Making Approach),以「卡特政府之民航決策」為案例並參照伊斯頓(David Easton)、馬區與賽門(James    March and Herbert Simon)及羅賓森與馬嘉克(James A.   Robinson and Roger R. Majak)的決策分析要項加以整理合併, 選出「需求輸入與外在環境」、「參與決策者的認知」、「決策過程」與「政策輸出與回饋」等四大變項分析群(Cluster Analysis)為本論之分析主軸,並分別討論其分項變數。 卡特政府民航解制決策分析係採兩組理論以剖析。第一組為團體理論途徑(Group Theory Approach),另一組則為菁英暨組織決策模式(Elite Theory and Organizational Decision-Making Model)。兩組理論分別解釋卡特政府民航解制決策之內外環境 因素,並可整合運用以臻相得益彰之解析宏效。 經決策分析發現,卡特總統基於其對自由經濟之理念,上任之初既作出民航解制之決策,不僅滿足消費者對合理票價、便捷服務和安全飛行之要求,也對民航業界提供一公平兢爭合理之環境。再則,「觀念之轉變」、「利益團體同盟之產生」以及「經濟菁英之影響」等變項均為促使民航解制之重要環境因素。 此外,團體理論與菁英暨組織決策模式均能合理地解釋卡特政府之民航解制決策過程。  最後,在後續研究上,建議應就民航解制決策之政策後效做全面性之評估,以掌握民航業界於解制後,所面臨的航空經營科技化與競爭發展全球化之環境變革趨勢。
Title of Thesis: Decision- Making Analysis of The Carter Total Pages:376
Administration's Airlines Deregulation Policy
Key word: regulation; deregulation; decision-making process; Elite Theory and Organizational Decision-Making Model
Name of Institute: Graduate Institute of American Studies, Tamkang University
Graduate Date: December, 1999 Degree Conferred: Doctor of Law
Name of Student: Chi Yeh Yung Advisor: Dr. Thomas B. Lee
容 繼 業 李 本 京 博士
Abstract:
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the factors and their interrelations of how airlines deregulation policy came to be an acceptable reform alternative of President Jimmy Carter's administration during the 1974 to 1978 period.
The author employed the Crucial Case Study and Decision-Making Approach to conduct his research on the case of Airline Deregulation. The author also adopts the decision-making approach presented by David Easton, James March, Herbert Simon, James Robinson and Roger Marjak to sort out the factors influencing the airline deregulation policy decision-making. Besides, the author integrates those factors into four major cluster analyses: domestic politics, individual factors of decision-makers, decision-making process, output and feedback.
To analyze the decision-making process of the Carter administration's airlines deregulation policy, the author invokes two sets of heories. The first one is Group Theory. The second set of theories is Elite Theoryand the Organizational Decision-Making Model. The result of this study indicated that President Carter, when he was first inaugurated as the President, decided to deregulate the airlines industry base on his belief in the so called the free market economic system. In addition, the factors of "idea changed " 、 "deregulation coalition formed" and "the influence power of Economic Elite" are found as the major factors in contributing to and influencing Carter's decision-making. Moreover, the study states that the Group Theory, Elite Theory and Organizational Decision-Making Model were effective in explaining the decision-making process of the Carter administration's airlines deregulation policy. Finally, suggestions are made for future study in the aspect of evaluating the airlines deregulation policy toward the new environmental development challenge of airlines industry.
參考文獻
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三、論文
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陳希林。「一九七六年美國航空公司解除管制法案之衝素與影響」。淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文,民國八十年。
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鄭錫鍇。「公民意識與公共組織結構慣性的關聯性」。台灣大學政治學研究所碩士論文,民國八十二年,頁十二。
鄭仁偉。「組織自主改變、組織慣性與改變績效的關係-台灣電子業推動ISO9000認證活動實證研究」。台灣大學商學研究所博士論文,民國八十四年,頁三十七。new window
聶文娟。「公共組織變遷理論之建構-行政院組織法修正案分析」。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士論文,民國八十三年。
貳、英文部分
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Calden Gerald E. Administrative Reform Comes of Age Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991.
Caporaso, James A. and David P. Levine. Theories of Political Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Cardoso, F. H. and Enzo Faletto. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley. CA: University of California Press, 1979.
Carter, Jimmy. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of A President. New York: Bantam Books, 1984.
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Carter, Jimmy. Why Not the Best? New York: Bantam Books, 1976.
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Chamberlin, Edward H. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1933.
Colodny, Edwin I., Allegheny Airlines in Competition in the Airline: What is the Public Interest? Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1979.
Connolly, William. The Bias of Pluralism. New York: Atherton Press, 1969.
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Cronnin, Thomas. The State of the Presidency. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
Cushman, Robert. Independent Regulatory Commissions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1941.
Dahl, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956.
Dahl, Robert A. Democracy in the United States: Promise and Performance. Chicago: Rand McNally 1972.
Dahl, Robert A. Pluralist Democracy in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.
Dahl, Robert. A., Who Govern? Democracy and Power in an American City, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.
Dahl, Robert. A., and C.E. Lindblom. Politics, Economics, and Welfare. New York: Harper & Row, 1953.
David, Paul. T. The Economics of Air Mail Transportation Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1934.
DeLeon, Peter. A Theory of Termination in the Policy Process: Roles, Rhymes, and Reasons. Santa Monica, Calif. The Rand Corporation, 1977.
Derthick, Martha and Paul J. Quirk. The Politics of Deregulation. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985.
Diesing, Paul. Science and Ideology in the Policy Science. New York: Adline Publishing Co., 1982.
Dobb, Maurice. Theories of Value and Distribution Since Adam Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Dolbeare, Kenneth. Power and Change in the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1969.
Douglas, George W., and James C. Miller III. Economic Regulation and Domestic Air Transportation: Theory and Policy Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1974.
Douglas, G.W. and J.C. Miller. Economic Regulation of Domestic Air Transportation Theory and Policy. Washington DC: Brooking Institution, 1974.
Downs, Anthony. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, 1957.
Dunn, William A. Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hill, 1981.
Dwight, Waldo. The Administrative State: A Study of the Political Theory of American Public Administration. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984.
Dye, Thomas R. Understanding Public Policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Dye, Thomas R. and L. Harmon Zeigler. The Irony of Democracy Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1970.
Eads, George C. The Local Service Airline Experiment. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1972.
Easton, David. A Framework of Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965.
Easton, David. A Political System New York: Knife, 1953.
Easton, David. A System Analysis of Political Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
Eckstein, Ctto. The Great Recession. New York. North Holland Publishing Co., 1979.
Edelman, Murray. The Symbolic Uses of Politics, Urbane, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1967.
.Edelman, Murray. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois, 1980.
Edwards, George C. Implementing Public Policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1980.
Eggertson, Thrain. Economic Behavior and Institutions. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Elster, John. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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Fischer, F. Politics, Values and Public Policy: The Problem of Methodology. Boulder, CO: West view Press, 1980.
Fisher, Louis. The Constitution Among Friends: Congress, The President and the Law. New York: St. Martin's, 1978.
Frey, B. S. Modern Political Economy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.
Friedman, Milton. Essays in. Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
Fritschler, A. Lee. and Bernard H. Ross. Business Regulation and Government Decision-Marking. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1980.
Fruham, William E. The Fight for Competitive Advantage: A Study of the United States Domestic Trunk Air Carriers. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Fulau, Heinz. The Behavioral Persuasion in Politics. New York: Random House, 1963.
Gallup, George. The Gallup Pull: Public Opinion 1972-1977. Washington, DC: Scholarly Resource Inc., 1978.
Garson, G. David. Power and Politics in the United States. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Co., 1977.
Gerston, Larry N., Cynthia Fraleigh, and Robert Schwab. The Deregulated Society. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1988.
Gilpin, Rober. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Goodman, Gilbert. Government Policy toward Commercial Aviation. New York: Kings Crown Press, 1977.
Graymer, Le Roy. and Frederick Thompson, eds. Reforming Social Regulation: Alternative Public Policy Strategies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982.
Greenberg, Edward. Serving the Few: Corporate Bias of Government Policy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979.
Greenwald, Carol S. Group Power: Lobbying and Public Policy. New York: Praeger, 1977.
Guess, George M. and P.G. Farnham. Cases in Public Policy Analysis. New York: Pitman Publishing Inc., 1989.
Haper, Donald. Transportation in America: Users. Carriers, Government Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978.
Hardin, Russell. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Harris, R.F. Three Perspectives on Airline Regulation and Deregulation: Historical, Analytical and National Interest, Department of Economics, University of Manitoba, Canada, 1986.
Herring, E. Pendleton. Public Administration and the Public Interest. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Heresy, P. & K. H. Blanchard. Management of Organizational Behavior Utilizing Human Resources. NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1988.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. Economics and Institutions. Philadelphia: University of Pennyslvania Press, 1988.
Hudson, K. Air Travel: A Social History Totowa, NJ: Rowrnan and Littlefield, 1972.
Hyneman, Charles S. The Study of Politics. Urbana, IZ: University of Illinois Press, 1959.
Jacobs, Donald. ed. Regulating Business: The Search for an Optimum. San Francisco: Institute of Contemporary, 1978.
Jones, Charles O. An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. MA: Duxbury Press, 1977.
Jones, R. J. Berry. ed. Perspectives on Political Economy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Jordan, William A. Airline Regulation in America: Effects and Imperfections. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970.
Kariel, Henry. The Decline of American Pluralism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961.
Kasper, D. M. Deregulation and Globalization. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1988.
Key, Vladimir, Jr. Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups.4th ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Co., 1958.
Keyes, Lucille S. Federal Control of Entry into Air Transportation Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1951.
Keyes, Lucille S. Regulatory Reform in Air Cargo Transportation Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1980.
Kindleberger, Charles P., Power and Money: The Economics, of International Politics and Polities of International Economics New York: Basic Books, 1970.
Knight, Jack. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Knoke, David. Organizing for Collective Action: the Political Economy of Associations. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990.
Koford, Kenneth B., and Jeffrey B. Miller,eds. Social Norms and Economic Institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.
Kohlmeier, Louis M. Jr. The Regulators: Watchdog Agencies and the Public Interest. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.
Krugman, Pual. Geography and Trade. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1991.
Kucharsky, David. The Man From Plains: The Mind And Spirit of Jimmy Capter. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.
Kwon, K.S. Airline Deregulation in the United States: 1978-1990. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1991.
Landis, James. The Administrative Process New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978.
Lasswell, Harold. and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society New Haven, CT:Yale University Press, 1950.
Lasswell, Harold D. The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis. MD: College Park, 1956.
Larswell, Harold D., Politics: Who Gets What, When, How New York: World Publishing Company, 1958.
Latham, Earl, The Group Basis of Politics, New York: Cornell University Press, 1952.
Lauderdale, P.ed. A Political Analysis of Deviance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.
Leib, R. C. Transportation: The Domestic System Reston, VA: Reston, 1978.
Levine, David P. Economic Studies. London: Routledge, 1977.
Lineberry, Robert L. Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy. Second edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1983.
Lindblom, Charles and Robert Dahl. Politics, Economics and Welfare. New York: Harper and Row, 1953.
Lindblom, C.E. Politics and Markets: The World's Political -Economic Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
Lindblom, Charles E. The Policy-Making Process, second edition. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Lowi, Theodore, The End of Liberalism. New York: Norton, 1979.
Mayhew, David. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
Martin, D.L., and W.F. Schwartz, eds. Deregulating American Industry. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1977.
McConnell, Grant, Private Power and American Democracy. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1966.
McLean, Iain. Public Choice: An Introduction. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1978.
Meyer, J.R. and C.V. Oster. Deregulation and the Future of Intercity Passenger Travel. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.
Meyer, J.R. and C.V. Oster eds. Airline Deregulation: The Early Experience. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.
Meyer, J.R., C.V. Oster., I.P. Morgan., B.A.Berman., and D.L. Strassmann. Airline Deregulation. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.
Meyer, J.R., and C.V. Oster. Deregulation and the New Airline Entrepreneurs. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984.
Miller, Gary J. The Political Economy of Hierarchy. Cambridge. MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Mitnick, Barry, The Political Economy of Regulation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Molly, James F., The U. S. Commuter Airline Industry: Policy Alternatives Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath 1985.
Moritz, Charles. ed. Current Biography. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1977.
Nathan, Richard P., The Plot that Failed: Nixon and the Administrative Presidency. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
Neustadt, Richard E. Presidential Power. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
Noll Roger, Reforming Regulation. Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1971.
Noll, Roger, and Bruce M Owen, Eds. The Political Economy of Deregulation: Interest Groups in the Regulatory process. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1983.
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Owens, R. G. Organizational Behavior in Education Boston: Ally and Bacon, 1991.
Polsby, Nelson. Community Power and Political Theory,Second ed. New York: Yale University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1976.
Pynn, Ronald, ed. Watergate and the American Political Process. New York: Praeger, 1975.
Quirk, Paul J. Industry Influence in the Federal Regulatory Agencies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.
Quirk, Paul. and Derthick Martha. The Politics of Deregulation. Manuscript, Brookings Institution, 1984.
Rasper, M. Deregulation and Globalization. Cambridge Ballinger, 1988.
Reagan, Michael D. Regulation: The Politics of Policy. Boston, Massaachusetts: Little, Brown and Company, 1987.
Reisman, David. Theories of Collective Action: Downs, Olson and Hirsch. London: The Macmillan Press, 1990.
Richmond, S. B. Regulation and Competition Air Transportation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
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Schultze, Charles. The Public Use of Private Interest. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1977.
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Simon, Herbert. Administrative Behavior: A Study in Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization. Third edition. New York: Free Press, 1976.
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Sorensen, Theodore C. Decision Making in The White House New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.
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Stroud, Kandy. How Jimmy Won: the Victory Campaign From Plains to the White House. New York: Morrow, 1977.
Taneja, Nawal K. The Commercial Airline Industry: Managerial Practices and Regulatory Policies. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976.
Taneja, Nawal K. Introduction to Civic Aviation Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath 1987.
Thayer Frederick C. Jr., Air Transport Policy and National Security. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
Thayer Frederick C. Jr., Rebuilding America: The Case for Economic Regulation. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984.
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Thompson, Frederick and L.R. Jones, Regulatory Policy and Practices. New York: Praeger, 1982.
Truman, David B. The Governmental Process New York: Alfred A. Knop, 1971.
Truman, David B. The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1971.
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Van Scyoc, Louis E. Effects of the Airline Deregulation Act on Market Performance: Price Capacity and Profits. Dissertation abstracts International.
Waterman, Richard W. Presidential Influence the Administrating State. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
Weiss, Leonard W. and Michael J. Klauss, eds. Case Studies in Regulation: Revolution and Reform. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1981.
Weiwer, David L. and Aidan R. Vining, Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice -Hall, Inc., 1995.
Wildavsky, Aron, Dixon-Yates: A Study in Power Politics New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.
---------------------. The Politics of the Budgetary Process. Third edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company,1979.
Williamson, Peter J., Corporatism in Perspective: An Introductory Guide to Corporatist Theory. London: Sage, 1989.
Wilson, Graham K. Interest Groups. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990.
Witcover, Jules. Marathon: The Pursuit of The Presidency, 1972-1976. New York: Viking Press, 1977.
Wolfers, Arnold. Discord and Collaboration Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Ures, 1962.
Dissertations
Brown, Anthony Edward, " The Politics of Deregulating the Civil Aviation Industry" Ph. D. dissertation, the University of Tennessee, 1982 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Cross, David Scott, " A Historical Analysis of the Regulation of United States Airline." Ed. D. dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1993 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Fistek, Michelle Anne " Airline Deregulation: An Evaluation" Ph.D. dissertation, Miami University, 1985 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Gesell, Laurence Ellis, " Airline Re-regulation." Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, 1990 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Katz, Jonathan Louis, " The Politics of Deregulation: The Case of the Civil Aeronautics Board." 1985 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Kucinski, Nancy Ruth Elli, " The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Safety, the Public Interest, and Policy Analysis." 1990 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Kwon, Kwang Ski, " Airline Deregulation in the United States: 1978-1990" Master thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1991 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Ogu, Charles Chima, " Regulatory Politics and Policy Changed: The Case of the Airline Industry" Ph. D. dissertation, Fordham University, 1985 (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Pulsifer, Roy. Airline Service And Competition. Washington, DC: Civil Aeronautics Board Working Paper, September 2, 1982. (xerograghed by University Microfilms International.)
Periodicals
Anderson, Charles W. "The Place of Principles in Policy Analysis," American Political Science Review, Vol.73, No.3, September 1979, pp.711-723.
Bailey, Elizabeth. "Reform From Within: Civil Aeronautics Board Policy, 1977-78," In Micheal A. Problems in Public Utility Economics. MA: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, 1979.
---------------------. "Deregulation of Contestable Markets: Application of Theory to Public Policy," In Thomas Gies and Warner Sichel. Eds. Deregulation: Appraisal Before the Fact. Ann Arbor: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan Press, pp.1-11.
Bandura, Albert and Robert Wood. "Social Congintive Theory of Organizational Management", Academy of Management Review, 1989, Vol. 14. No.3, p.362.
Bardach, Peter. "Policy Termination as a Political Process," Policy Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 1976, pp.55-63.
Bauer, Raymond A. "Accuracy of Perception in International Relations," Teachers College Record, Vol.64, 1963, p.294.
Bauman, Martin H. "Shifting Personal Needs Under Deregulation," Wall Street Journal, April 19,1982, pp.26.
Behrman, Bradley, "Civil Aeronautic Board," in James Q. Wilson, ed. The Politic of Regulation, New York: Basic Books, 1980.
Bibby, Hohn. "Committee Characteristics and Legislative Oversight of Administration." Midwest Journal of Political Science, No.10, 1966, pp.78-98.
Brenner, M. A. "Airline Deregulation-A Case Study in Pubic Policy Failure," Transportation Law Journal, No.16, 1988.
Breyer, Stephen. "Analyzing Regulatory Failure: Mismatches, Less Restrictive Alternatives and Reform," Harvard law Review, Vol.92, No.4, January 1979, pp.549-609.
Breyer, Stephen. "Regulation and Its reform," Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Brigman, William E. "The Executive Branch and the Independent Regulatory Agencies," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.11, No.2, Spring, 1981, pp.244-261.
Brimkley, Douglas. " Jimmy Carter: American Moralist," The Journal of American Hirtory, Vol.84. No.2. Sep.1997.
Brindley, John F. "Deregulation of the United States Air Transport Industry Cheered By some, Condemned by Others," Interavia, No.34, April 1979, pp.303-306.
Brown, Anthony. "The Regulatory Policy Cycle and the Airline Deregulation Movement," Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 3, Sept. 1985,
Callison, James W. "Airline Deregulation -Only Partially a Hoax: The Current Status of the Airline Deregulation Movement," Journal of Air Law and Commerce, No.44, 1980, pp.961-1000.
Carter, Jmmy. "Airline Industry Regulation," Administration of Jimmy Carter, 1977, pp.277-278.
Carter, Jmmy. "Fireside Chat," Public Papers on the presidents of United States: Jimmy Carter-1977 I, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1978, pp.103-112.
Caves, Douglas W. et. al. "Airline Productivity Under Deregulation," Regulation, November-December 1982, pp.25-28.
Chalmers, D. A., 1988. "Corporatism and Comparative Politics," in L. Cantori and A. Ziegler, Jr. eds. Comparative Politics in the Post-behavioral Era. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, 1988.
Cohen, Marvin S. "New Air Service and Deregulation: A Study in Transition," Journal of Air Law and Commerce, No.44, 1979, pp.695-703.
Cooper, Ann. "Senator Cannon Undecided on How Far to Deregulate the Nation's Airline Industry," in Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol. 35, No.15, p. 656.
Costain, W. Douglas and Costain, Anne N. "Interest Groups as Policy Aggregators," Policy, Winter, 1981, pp.249-272.
Crewdson, Prudene. "Ford Presses Deregulation as Alternative to Proposed consumer Advocacy Agency," Congressional Quarterly, Vol.38, No.19, May 10, 1975, pp.988-989.
Dahl, A, "Power, Pluralism, and Democracy:A Modest Proposal," paper delivered at 1964 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, p.3.
Daly, George and David Brady, "Federal Regulation of Economic Activity: Failures and Reforms," in James E. Anderson ed., Economic Regulatory Policies Lexington MA: Lexington Books, 1976.
Daly, John Charles, et al. "Competition on The Airlines: What Is The Public Interest?" Forum, No. 9, 1977.
Demkovich, Linda E. "The Pros and Cans of Airline Deregulation," National Journal, No.10, August 26, 1978, pp.1356-1361.
Demuth, Christopher C., "A Strong Beginning on Reform," Regulation, Jan-February, 1982.
Eckstein, Harry. "CASse Study and Theory in Political Science," Handbook of Political Science: strategies of Inquiry, Vol.7. Fred Greestein and Nelson Polsby, eds. Boston, Massachusetts: Addiston-Wesley Publishing Company, 1975.
Elkin, Stephen. "Markets and Politics in Liberal Democracy," Ethics, Vol.92, No.4, July 1982, pp.720-732.
Elliott, John E. "The Institutionalist School of Political Economy," in What Is Political Economy? ed. David Whynes Oxford: Basil Blachwell, 1984.
Feldman, Paul. "Why Regulation Doesn't Work," Review of Social Economy, Vol. 29, No.2, September 1971.
Ginsberg, A. & A. Buchholtz. "Converting to For-Profit Status: Corporate Responsiveness to Radical Change, " Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 33, No. 3,1990, pp.445-477.。
Gollich, V. L. "Airline Deregulation: Economic Boom or Safety Bust?" Transportation Quarterly, vol.42, no.2, April, 1988.
Gorrel, Edgar. "Rationalization of Air Transportation." The Journal of Air Law IX, 1838, pp.41-47.
Gresov, C. A., H. Haveman, & A. T. 01iva, "Organization Design, Inertia and Dynamics of Competitive Response," Organization Science. Vol. 4, No. 2, 1993.
Hannan, Micheal T. & John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review. Vol. 49, No. 2, 1984.
Hannan, Micheal T. & John Freeman,"The Population Ecology of Organizations," American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 8, 1997, pp. 929-964.
Hardin, Reuuesll, "Collective Action as an Agreeable n-Prisoner's Dilemma" in Rational Man and Irrational Society? Brian Barry and R. Hardin, eds. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1982.
Havic, John J., and Heffron, Florence. " The Iowa Caucuses: Carter's Early Compaign for the Presidential Nomination. " Midwest Quarterly 20 (Autumn 1978): 32-48
Hays, Samuel P. "Political Choice In Regulatory Administration," in Regulation In Perspective: Historical Essays, Thomas McGraw ed. Boston, Harvard University Press, 1981.
Herman, William R., " Deregulation: Now or Never! (Or Maybe Someday?) " Public Administration Review, Vol.36, No.2, March-April, 1976.
Huntington, Samuel P. "Paradigms of American Politics: Beyond the One, the Two and the Many. " Political Science Quarterly No.89 March, 1974.
Jervis, Robert. "Hypotheses on Misperception" World Politics , Vol. 20 April, 1968.
Kacher, Fred. "Jimmy Carter: American Moralist " United States Naval Institute Proceedings Vol. 124, No. 1, 1998.
Kahn, Alfred. "The Political Feasibility of Regulatory Reform, " in  Le Ray Graymer and Federick Thompson, eds.,  Reforming Social Regulation Beverly Hills, California: Sage 1982.
Kahn, Alfred. " Deregulation and Vested Interest: The Case of the Airlines" in Roger Noll and Bruce Owen, eds The  Political Economy of Deregulation Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1983.
Kahn, Alfred. "Applying Economics to an Imperfect World." Regulation, November-December, 1978, pp.17-27.
Kahn, Alfred. "Surprises of Airline Deregulation." The American Economic Review, vol.78, no.2, May, 1988.
Khan, Alfred. " The Political Feasibility of Regulatory Reform: How Did We Do It?" in Le Roy Graymer and Frederick Thompson, eds. Reforming Social Regulation, Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1983.
Kaldahl, W. G. "Let The Process of Deregulation Continue." Journal of Air Law and Commerce, no.50, 1985.
Karlins, Marvin, Hiomas L.Coffman and Gary Watters, "On The Fading of Social Stereotypes: Studies in Three Generations of College Students, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology September,1967.
Keehn, Norman H. "A World of Becoming: From Pluralism to Corporatism." Polity, vol.9, No.1, Fall, 1976, pp.19-39.
Keeler, Theodore. "Airline Deregulation and Market Performance." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Autumn 1972, pp.399-424.
Keeler, Theodore. " The Revolution in Airline Regulation, " Case Studies in Regulation and Reform, eds. Leonard W. Weiss and Michael W. Klass Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1981.
Kelley, Dawn & Terry L. Amburgey , "Organizational Inertia and Momentum: A Dynamic Model of Strategic Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 34, No.3, 1991.
Lee, David D. " The South and the American Mainstream: The Election of Jimmy Carter. " Georgia Historical Quarterly 61 (Spring 1977): 7-12.
Levine, Michael E., " Is Regulation Necessary: California Air Transportation and National Regulatory Policy, " Yale Law Journal, Vol. 75, July 1965.
Lijphart, Arend, "Comparative Political and Comparative Method, " American Political Science Review, Vol.65, No.3, 1971, p.691.
Lilley, William, III, and James c. Miller, III. "The New Social Regulation." The Public Interest, Spring 1977, No.47, pp.49-61.
Lindblom, Charles. E., "The Science of Meddling Through, " in W.J.Gore and J.W. Dyson eds, The Making of Decisions New York, 1964.
Lowi, Tehodore, "American Business, Public Policy, Case Study, Political Theory, "World Politics, No.4, July 1964.
Lowi, Theodore J. "American Business, Public Policy, case Studies, and Political Theory. World Politics, No.16, 1964, pp.677-715.
Loving, Rush, Jr. " How the Airlines will Cope With Deregulation," Fortune, 98, November 20, 1978,No.98, pp.38-41.
Macavor, Paul and John Snow, eds, " Regulation of Passenger Fares and Competition Among the Airlines "Ford Administration Papers on Regulation Reform Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.
Marks, Gary W., "State-Economy Linkages in Advanced Industrialized Societies" In N. Vig and S. Schier, eds. Political Economy in Western Democracies New York: Holmes & Meier,1988.
McKenna, J. T. "Effect on competition, Safety Are Key Tests for Takeovers." Aviation Week and Space Technology, August 14, 1989.
Melton, L. J., "Transport Regulation: An Effective Tool of Public Policy." Transportation Journal, vol.17, no.3, Spring, 1978.
Mitnick, Barry M. "Deregulation as a Process of Organizational Reduction." Public Administration Review, vol. 38, No.4, July-August 1978, pp.350-357.
Nathann, Richard P., " Political Administration Is Legitimate, " in the Reagan Presidency and the Governing of America, ed. Lester M. Salamon and Michael S. Land Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1984.
Noll, Roger G. "The Behavior of Regulatory Agencies." Review of Social Economy, no.29, March 1971, pp.15-19.
Oster, C. V. Jr. and C.K. Zorn, "Deregulation's Impact On Airline Safety." Journal of Transportation Research Forum, November 1987.
Peltzman, Samuel. "Toward A More General Theory of Regulation,"Journal of Law and Economics, 1976, Vo1.19, No.2, pp. 221-222.
Posner, Richard. "Theories of Economic Regulation." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, vol.5, no.2, pp, 335-358.
Posner, Richard. "Taxtation by Regulation. " Bell Journal of Economic and Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1971, pp. 22-50.
Posner, Richard. "Theories of Economic Regulation, "Bell Journal of Economic and Management Science, 1974, Vo1.5, No2, pp.336-342.
Publsifer, Roy, " Introduction" Journal of Air Law and Commerence, Vol. 41, No. 4, Autumn 1975.
Rakowski, James P. and Johnson, James C. "Airline Regulation: Problems and Prospects," Quarterly Review of Economics and Business. Vol.19, No.4, Winter 1979, pp.64-78.
Redford, Emmette S. "The General Passenger Fare Investigation, "in Edward A. Bock ed. Government Regulation of Business: A Case Book Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965.
Ris, William K., Jr., " Government Protection of Transportation Employees: Sound Policy or Costly Precedent? "Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol.44, No.2, 1978.
Robinson, James A. and R. Roger Majak, "The Theory of Decision-making, " in J.C. Charleswork ed., Comparative Political Analysis. New York: Basic Books ,1967.
Salisbury, Robert H. "The Analysis of Public Policy: A Search for Theories and Roles. " In Austin Ranney, ed. Political Science and Public Policy Chicago: Markham 1968.
Sandell, Dorothy, " Comment: Deregulation--Has It Finally Arrived? The ADA of 1978," Journal of Air Law and Commerce. Vol. 44, No.2, 1978.
Schelling, Thomas C. "Economic Reasoning and the Ethics of Policy. "In Thomas Schelling, Choice and Consequence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schmitter, Philippe. "Still the Century of Corporatism" Review of Politics, No.36, 1974, pp.85-131.
Shepsie, Kenneth, and Weigast, Barry. "Political Solutions to Market Problems," American Political Science Review, Vol.78, No.2, June 1984, pp.417-434.
Singh, Jitenddra V., & Charles J. Lumsden, "Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 16, 1990.
Stigler, George. "The Theory of Economic Regulation." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol.2, No.1, Spring 1970, pp.3-21.
Stigler, George. "The Theory of Economic Regulation" Bell Journal of Economic and Management Science, 1971,Vo1.2, No.1,pp.5-7.
Stinchcombe, Arthur S., "Social Structure and Organizations". Handbook of Organizations. .Chicago : Rand McNally, 1965.
Stone, Clarence. "Systemic Power in Community Decision Making." American Politics Science Review, No.73, December 1980, pp.979-989.
Taneja, Nawal. Airlines in Transition Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1981.
Teal, Roger and Altshuler Alan. "Economic Regulation: The Case of Aviation," Policy Journal Studies, Autumn 1977, pp.50-62.
Thayer Frederick " And Know the Deregulators? When Will They Learn?" Journal of Air Law and Commerce. 1977, pp. 661-689.
Thornton, Robert. "Deregulation: The CAB and Its Critics." Journal of Air law and Commerce, Vol. 43, No.4, 1977, pp.641-659.
Vig, Norman J., "Introduction: Political Science and Political Economy, "in N. Vig and S. Shier, eds. Political Economy in Western Democracy. New York: Holmes & Meies, 1985.
Weaver, Paul. "Regulation, Social Policy and Class Conflict." Public Interest 5, vol.5, no.50, Winter 1978, pp.45-63.
Weintraub, Roy E., "On the Existence of a Competitive Equilibrium: 1930-1954, "Journal of Economic Literature. Vol.21, No1, pp.1-39.
Willian, D. Pederson: "Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Post-Presidency" Library Journal, Vol. 122, No.2, Feb.1, 1997.
Government Publication
Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (revised March 1, 1979), Section. 102(a)(4).
General Accounting Office. Report to Congress: Lower Airline Costs Per Passenger are Possible in the United States and Could Result in Lower Fares, February 18,1977.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1992, 112th ed. Washington, D.C., 1992.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Report of the CAB's Advisory Committees on Procedural Reform. Washington, D.C., January, 1976.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Report Reform: Report of the CAB Special Staff. Washington DC: Civil Aeronautics Board, July, 1975.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Report to Congress. Washington,DC.: Civil Aeronautics Board. Annual.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Air Carrier Financial Statistics. Washington, D.C. 1950-1982.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. CAB News. Washington, D.C. various issue, 1975-1982.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. "Regulatory Reform: Report of the CAB Special Staff on Regulatory Reform. " Washington, D.C.1975.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Subsidy for U.S. certificates air carriers.Washington , DC: Civil Aeronautics Board, 1943-1978.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Domestic Passenger Fare Investigation
March 1974. Washington , DC: Civil Aeronautics Board, 1974.
U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board Reports to Congress, Fiscal year 1977, p.1.
U.S, Civil Aeronautics Board Reports to Congress, Fiscal year 1977, and 1978, describe the reorganization.
U.S. Congress. House. Air Service Impovement Act of 1978. Report of the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation, H. Report 95-1211, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1978.
U.S. Congress. House. Airline Act of 1977, Message from the President.H. Doc. 95-92, Public Works and Transportation Committee, 95th Cong., 1st sess., 1977.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee Aviation Act of 1977, Message from the President. H. Doc.95-45, Public Works and Transportation, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the budget. Economic Aspects of Federal Regulation of The Transportation Industry. Hearings Before the Task Force on Tax Expenditures, Government Organization and Regulation, House of Representatives, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Aviation Economics. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, House of Representatives, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Aviation Regulatory Reform. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, House of Representatives, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Aviation Regulatory Reform. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, House of Representatives, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1978.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. House of Representatives, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Reform of Economic Regulation of Air Carriers. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, House of Representatives, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976.
U.S. Congress. House. Conference Report on the Airline Dergulation Act of 1978. H. Report 95-1179 Conng., 2nd Sess 1978.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Amending the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. Report of the Senate Committee of Commerce, Science and Transportation of S.2493, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Report, 95-631, 1978.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Civil Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures. Report of the Senate Judiciary Committee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Senate Judiciary Committee, 94th Conmg., 1st Sess., 1975.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Impact of Airline Deregulation. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Regulatory Reform in Air Transportation. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Senate, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Regulatory Reform in Air Transportation. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Aviation, Senate, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Oversight of Civil Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedures, Senate, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., 1975.
U.S. Congress. Senate Select Committee on Small Business. The Decline of the Supplemental Air Carriers in the United States. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Monopoly, Senate, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976.
U.S. Congress. Senate Report on Regulatory Agencies to the President Elect (Landis Report). Report to Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure 86th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1960.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Amending the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of S.2493, 95 th Cong., 2 nd Sess., S. Report, 95-631,1978.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Comments on the Study, "Consequences of Deregulation of the Scheduled Air Transportation Industry." Washington, D.C., 1977.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Lower Airline Costs Per Passenger Are Possible in the United States and Could Result in Lower Fares. Washington, D.C., 1977.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Air Mail Act of 1925, Ch. 128, 43 Stat. 805.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Air Mail Act Amended, 1934 Ch 223, 46 Stat. 259.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Air mails Act Amended, 1934 Ch 446, 48 Stat. 933.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Civil Aeronautic Act of 1938, Ch 601, 52 Stat. 973.
U.S Government Printing Office. (1938). Air Safety Board. Ch 601, 52 Stat. 1012.
U.S. Government Printing Office. (1938). Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938. Ch 601, 52 Stat.973.
U.S. Government Printing Office. (1957). Airways Modernization Act of 1957. Pub. L. 85-133, 71 Stat. 349.
U.S. Government Printing Office (1957) Government Guaranty of Equipment Loans Act of 1957. Pub. L. 85-307,71 Stat.629. U.S. Government Printing Office (1976a). Federal Aviation Act Amendments of 1976 89 Stat. 707.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Federal Aviation Act of 1958, Pub. L. 85-726, 72 Stat. 731.
U.S. Government Printing Office (1958). Federal Aviation Act of 1958. Pub. L 85-726, 72 Stat.731
U.S. Government Printing Office (1966). Department of Transportation Act of 1966. 80 Stat. 931
U.S. Government Printing Office, Department of Transportation Act of 1966, 80. Stat. 931.
U.S. Government Printing Office. (1975). Federal Aviation Act Amendments of 1975. 89 Stat. 698.
U.S. Government Printing Office (1976b) Regulatory reform in air Transportation, Hearings before the subcommittee on aviation. Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 94 th Congress, Second Session. Pp.370-421.
U.S. Government Printing Office. (1978). Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Pub. L. 95-504, 92 Stat.1705.
V. Magazines
"Airlines Are Carrying More, Earning Less." The Baltimore Sun, April 12, 1983, pp. D4, 5, Columns 3-6.
"Airlines Weighing Effects of American's New Fare Plan." The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 16, 1983 pp.8-9. Columns 1-5.
Burners Week, May 9, 1977, p.85.
Commuter Airline Digits, February 1977, pp. 7-9
"Complication of Presidential Ductcuments", Weekly, Vol.11, April 28, 1975.
Drew Elizabeth, American Journal : The Events of 1976 .New York: Random House, 1977.
Gallup Opinion Index, Report No.108, June 1974, p.12.
Loving Rush Jr., "The Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation." Fortune, August 1977, p.210.
"Odds look good for less airline regulation", Business Week, 1977, March 21, p. 156.
Pagano, Penny. (October 9, 1983) "Re-regulate Airlines? 'Disastrous'." The News American. Pp.13E. Columns 3-5.
Samway, Patrick H. reviews of "Jimmy Carter: America Moralist /Living Faith" America, Vol.176, No.9, Mar.22, 1997.
"Secretary of Transportation Says Deregulation' Success , " The Cincinnati Enquirer, pp.57, Column 3-6.
Sriver, George H. "Jimmy Carter: American Moralist" The Christian Century. Vol.114, No.10 Mar.19-Mar.26,1997.
Staten, Michael E. and John R. Umbeck. "Close Encounters in the Skies: A Paradox of Regulatory Incentives." Regulation. March/April 19 , 1983, pp. 25-31.
Stuttaford, Genevieve. " Jimmy Carter A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Post-Presidency" Publishers Weekly, Vol. 244, No.1, Jan.6, 1997.
The Gallup Opinion Index, Report No. 112, Oct. 1974, p.1.
Zwicker, Charles H. "Jimmy Carter: American Moralist, " Presidential Studies Queitily, Vol.27 No.2 (Spring)1997, P.387-389.
VI. Newspapers
Karr Albert, The Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1977, p.32.
National Journal, May 21, 1977, pp. 799-802.
National Journal, June 15, 1974, p.875.
National Journal, July 30, 1977, p.1194.
National Journal February 19, 1977 p. 291.
National Journal, 8 August 1978, p.1359.
New York Times, June 29, 1974, p. 12, Column 3.
New York Times, December 21, 1974, p. 52, Column 1.
Ratten, Sammuel. "United Airline took million overbooking in year", The New York Times, 1976, Sept. 8, p. 52.
Rowen,Hobart. "Airline Deregulation Doesn't Work." The Washington Post. April 8, 1982, pp.A-27.
The New York Time, February 18, 1975, p. 37, Column 1.
The New York Times October 9, 1975, p. 1, Column 7..
The New York Times, June 22, 1975, p. 23,
The New York Times, July 23, 1975, p. 31, Clumn 1.
The New York Times, April 9, 1976, p .53, Column 1.
The New York Times, February 20, 1976, p.66.
The New York Times, February 27, 1977, p.24.
The New York Times, March 5, 1977, p.25. Column 4.
The New York Times, May 10, 1977 p. 32. Column 1.
The New York Times, November 7, 1978, p. 79. Column 1.
The Washington Post, July20, 1974, Sec. A. p. 14, Column 1.
"U. S. Slips to 8th in Rich Nations' List", The Japan Times, July 26,1979, p.14.
 
 
 
 
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