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題名:美國紡織品貿易政策暨其對台灣之影響
作者:吳珊珊
作者(外文):Wu, Shan-Shan
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:黃志文
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:美國貿易政策紡織產業多邊貿易談判貿易保護主義多種纖維協定關稅暨貿易總協定世界貿易組織U.S. trade policytextile industrymultilateral trade negotiationtrade protectionismMFAGATTWTO
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一九七四年至一九九四年全球紡織品貿易大部分受到多種纖維協定(MFA)的規範。MFA本身雖未建立進口限制制度,但以在其監督下允許會員國間以談判達成進口限制的方式,實際上背離關稅暨貿易總協定(GATT)體制中禁止數量限制及非歧視性原則的精神而遭致批評。
第二次世界大戰後,美國貿易政策基本上以貿易自由化為主軸,但美國亦是推動MFA建制的主要推手之一。何以美國專為紡織(包括成衣)產業另立保護措施,其政策誘因為何?另外,雖然台灣並非MFA簽約國,美國亦以MFA原則對台灣輸美紡織品進行設限,其對台灣紡織業發展的影響及限制值得探討。
本論文研究範圍及對象主要以MFA時期美國紡織品貿易政策為為主軸,分別從政治、經濟及法律面探討美國紡織品貿易政策的過程,並分析其對台灣之影響。
本論文研究結果包括:1) 協助產業調整,政府限制貿易手段有其適法性;
2) 美國政治制度有助產業受到政府保護;3) 紡織業能獲特例保護在於遊說團體有效訴求與策略成功;4) 數量限制(配額)之保護成本不易遭受成本負擔者挑戰;5)談判實力不對等之MFA機制,符合美國利益;6) MFA的取消,反映國際市場力量的消長,產業利益多元需要及美國貿易政策的演變;7) MFA對我國紡織業的限制效果逐漸趨緩。
Most of the world’s trade in textiles and apparel was subject to the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) during 1974 to 1994. The MFA does not establish import restriction itself, but allows members to negotiate and implement quota restrictions under its auspices. But this agreed derogation from the GATT has been criticized for its quantitative restrictions and discriminative nature.
Liberalism has dominated American trade policy after World War II and the United States was also one of the advocates of the MFA system. Why a country like the United States adopts protective device for textiles and apparel especially? Though Taiwan is not a member of the MFA, the U.S. applies the MFA principles to restrict Taiwan’s textile and apparel exports to the U.S. It is of interesting to understand the impact of the U.S. textile trade policy on Taiwan textile and apparel industries.
The study is of an empirical nature: it describes the characteristics of global textile trading system and its nature of departure from the GATT norms, it analyzes the evolution of U.S. textile trade policy and its impact on Taiwan. The scope of this study covers political, economic and legal aspects about the U.S. — Taiwan textile and apparel trade. References include political, economic and legal studies and works.
The conclusions of this study are: 1). It is governmental responsibility to help industries in distress to adjust;2.) There exist institutional incentives for the U.S. government to protect industries with political power;3) The lobbying strategies textile and apparel industries adopted are efficient;4) Though quotas usually cause domestic prices to rise, the domestic political costs are lower;5) The asymmetric negotiating power under the MFA mechanism meets the U.S. interests;6) the removal of the MFA reflects the changing industry demands for United States trade policy;7) The restrictive effects of the MFA on Taiwan textile and apparel industries are easing.
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參考網站
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