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題名:探討官僚、同僚與政治管理模式對美國耶穌會大學之學術聲譽與教育使命之關係研究個案:喬治城大學
作者:侯永琪 引用關係
作者(外文):Angela, Yung-chi Hou
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:鄔昆如
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:喬治城大學學術聲譽教育使命耶穌會大學官僚模式同僚模式政治模式Georgetown Universityreputationmissionjesuit universitybureaucratic modelcollegial modelpolitical model
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本論文係研究美國耶穌會喬治城大學之學術聲譽與教育使命之平衡的個案研究。「學術聲譽」是指一所大學在高教育體系中,經由主觀與客觀的各項指標評量之結果的總體表現。一所學術聲譽高的大學代表社會大眾對其認同與肯定,反之則否。是故,在「馬太效應」的影響之下,聲譽愈高的大學可擁有社會各界較多資源與金錢的捐助,聘請優秀的教授與吸引更多的學生就讀,也就形成「壟斷性的高等教育」。「教育使命」是學校本身未來長期發展目的的陳述,也就是學校建校的最終理想的實踐。喬治城大學是一所歷史最悠久的且聲譽最高的美國耶穌會大學,其建校使命即是強調全人教育的人本精神,注重教學品質與師生互動是其首要的教育任務。因此,本論文的研究目的即是探討喬治城大學如何運用有效的管理模式來兼顧學術聲譽與教育使命兩者的發展。
本研究共分為八章,前三章陳述本論的各項背景資料分析,第四章之後是本論文的研究發現與結果之分析。本研究主要是運用三個管理模式來分析喬治城大學之課程設計、經費分配與人事聘任三個面向的決策過程與發展,以了解喬治城大學平衡學術聲譽與教育使命兩者之間的方式。喬治城大學被選為研究的個案,主要是依據「加強取樣」(intensity sampling) 的方式選取出來。「內容分析」與「深度訪談」是本個案研究的兩項研究方法,且輔以「依據理論主題」(relying on theoretical proposition) 與三項解釋資料技巧─密集分析(intensive analysis)、分類發展(developing categories)及理論的建立(developing theory) 二階段性的資料分析策略,分析歸納出課程設計、經費分配與人事聘任三個面向彼此的互動關聯,並建構出「研究場景」所運用的管理模式。在分析的過程中,「三角測量法」也持續被運用來檢核所蒐集的資料與對資料的解釋,以增強研究的效度與信度。
本研究共有以下幾點發現:一、課程設計方面:已朝向專業化、多元化的方向發展。教授的影響力隨著各系課程自治程度的增加而昇高。屬於分享的、參與的、共同規劃與團體形成共識的同僚模式,輔以理性、層級化的官僚模式交互運用在課程設計的決策過程之中。二、經費分配:三校區的財務行政已獨立,各校區的副校長是財務資源的運作者及分配者。院長之下的行政人員被鼓勵參加決策過程,但參與的角色卻不被保障。此外,為了向外獲取更多的資源,校長與副校長必需運用協商、妥協等政治的技巧來獲取外界的經費補助。屬於中央集權式、威權式的官僚模式,輔以協商、妥協的政治模式交互運用在經費分配的決策過程之中。三、人事聘任:大量的在俗教授加入教學與研究的行列,人事聘任分別由各院、系、所之常設委員會負責。同僚管理模式是人事聘任最主要的決策模式。
歷經兩百年的發展,喬治城耶穌會大學已經轉變為一所學術聲譽相當高的大學。耶穌會的教育理念也內化為無形的影響力,並深植于校園之中。學術聲譽與教育使命之平衡仍有待新校長引領喬治城大學持續的努力。
After World War II, with the over-expansion of enrollment and expenditure, higher education in America has developed very fast. The terms most often used to describe American higher education are “large, diverse, complex, and decentralized.” However, most of the three thousand institutions in American higher education system are organized into a status hierarchy. An elite institution with high prestige is likely to attract excellent professors, good quality students and more resources, which creates a kind of “virtuous circle.” On the other hand, the less prominent an institution in the hierarchy, the fewer resources it will own. This complex pattern of misallocation for credit for college rankings is evidently described as “the Matthew Effect” or “monopolized higher education.”
The mission of a university is the realization of the final goal of an institution. For Jesuit universities, the educational goal is to stimulate students to the love of God, to living well and meaningfully and to the preparation of capable leaders for the society. But the concentration of resources on research is desperately needed if an institution wants to compete with other elite universities. Under the pressure from both keen competition outside and limited resources inside, it seems to be a tough job for American Jesuit universities to keep their missions as well as to promote academic reputation. Hence, the purpose of the study is to realize how Georgetown maintains high prestige as well as mission by efficient management models.
The study is organized into eight chapters. The first three chapters mainly introduce related literature, theories and research methods. The other five chapters are the findings of the study. The study adopts three models of management--- bureaucratic, collegial, political models as a theoretical framework to verify if the traditional paternalistic management remains used in personnel selection and promotion, budget allocation, and curriculum design at Georgetown University and if the new model of management helps reputation promotion and mission maintenance. The selection of Georgetown University for this study is based on “intensity sampling”. Content analysis and in-depth interview are two research designs used in the case study.
The study has the following findings: 1. Curriculum design: professionalism and multiculturalism are the trends for the development of the curriculum. Faculty is able to participate in the process of decision making. Collegial and bureaucratic models are used in the decision making of curriculum design. 2. Resource allocation: three campuses have their own administrative mechanism dealing with the financial matters independently. Vice presidents in each campus are the decision-makers in resource allocation. Besides, President and vice presidents have to take advantage of political skills such as compromising or negotiating to gain more grant and subsidy from governments and enterprises. Buracratic and political models are used in the process of decision making of resource allocation. 3. Personnel hiring: More and more lay faculty is hired at Georgetown University. The standing hiring and promotion committees in each college and department become the primary hiring units. Collegial model is often used in the personnel hiring.
To sum up, Georgetown University has become a research university with excellent academic reputation since it was founded in 1789. On the other hand, the Jesuit mission has been internalized as a kind of informal influence planted on campus. President John J. DeGioia''s is supposed to strive for the maintenance of academic reputation and mission in the future.
參考書目
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Scaglion, Aldo. The Liberal Arts and the Jesuit College System. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 1986.
Schwickerath, Robert, S.J. Jesuit Education. St. Louis, Mo: Joseph Gummersbach, 1903.
Sergiovanni, Thomas J., and John E. Corbally, ed. Leadership and Organizational Culture. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
Seymour, Daniel, and Casey Collett. Total Quality Management in Higher Education: A Critical Assessment. Methuen: GOAL/QPC, 1991.
Shires, Michael A. The Future of Public Undergraduate Education in California. Santa Monica: RAND, 1996.
Sloan, Douglas. Faith and Knowledge: Mainline Protestantism and American Higher Education. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
Spradley, Judith P. Participation Observation. New York: Holt, Rienhart and Winston, 1980.
Stanford, Edward V., O.S.A. A Guide to Catholic College Administration. Westminster: The Newman Press, 1965.
Stake, Robert E. The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1995.
Storer, N.W., ed. The Sociology of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
Tillman, Seth P. Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service: the First 75 Years. Washington, D.C.: Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 1994.
Tinerney, William, ed. Culture and Ideology in Higher Education: Advancing a Critical Agenda. New York: Praeger, 1990.
Tripole, Martin R., S.J., ed. Promise Renewed: Jesuit Higher Education for a New Millennium. Chicago: Loyola Press, 1999.
Tucker, Allan. Chairing the Academic Department─Leadership among Peers. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.
Tucker, Allan, and Robert A. Bryan. The Academic Dean─Dove, Dragon, and Diplomat. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991.
Walsh, James J. American Jesuits. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1934.
Webster, David S. Academic Quality Rankings of American Colleges and Universities. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1986.
Whiston, Thomas G., and Roger L. Geiger, eds. Research and Higher Education. Buckingham and Bristol: SRHE and Open University Press, 1992.
Whitehead, K.D. Catholic Colleges and Federal Funding. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988.
Wyatt, John. Commitment to Higher Education. Buckingham and Bristol: SRHE and Open University Press, 1990.
Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994.
II. Dissertations
Beaufond-Marcano, Rafael Emilio. “A Description, Analysis, and Evaluation of the Financial Structure of Four Private Universities in the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area Between 1973-74 and 1982-83.” Diss. George Washington University, 1984.
King, William. “Changes in Jesuit Higher Education and the Influence of Teilhard De Chardin.” Diss. University of Southern California , 1973.
Tehan, Susan Boucher. “An Analysis of the Georgetown University Faculty System.” Diss. Harvard University, 1979.
III. Periodicals
Alpert, Daniel. “Performance and Paralysis: The Organizational Context of the American Research University.” Journal of Higher Education 56.3 (1985):241-281.
Appleyear, J.A., S.J., and Howard Gray, S.J. “Tracking the Mission and Identity Question: Three Decades of Inquiry and Three Models of Interpretation.” Conversation 18(Fall 2000):11-13.
Araujo, Robert John, S.J. “Legal Issues in Hiring for Mission.” Conversations 12 (Fall 1997):14-19.
Ashar, Hanna, and Jonathan Z. Shapiro. “Are Retrenchment Decisions Rational?” Journal of Higher Education 161.2 (1990):121-141.
Astin, Alexander. “Moral Messages of the University.” Educational Record 70.2 (1989):22-25.
Baldwin, Roger G. “Faculty Vitality Beyond the Research University.” Journal of Higher Education 6.2 (1990):160-180.
Bausch, Michael J. “The Integrity of a Catholic Management Education.” California Management Review 38 (Summer 1996):118-132.
Barkan, Steven M. “Jesuit Law Schools: Challenging the Mainstream.” Conversations 3 (Spring 1993):7-19.
Becher, Tony. “The Significance of Disciplinary Differences.” Studies in Higher Education 19.2 (1994): 151-161.
Bernauer, James, S.J. “Hope and Stress.” Conversations 3 (February 1992):18-31.
Bies, Robert J. “Down and Out’ in D.C.: How Georgetown M.B.A. Students Learn About Leadership Through Service to Others.” Journal of Business Ethics 15 (January 1996): 103-110.
Bolster, Authur S., JR. “Toward a More Effective Model of Research on Teaching.” Harvard Educational Review 53.3 (1983): 294-308.
Boulding, William, et al. “A Dynamic Process Model of Service Quality: From Expectations to Behavior Intentions.” Journal of Marketing Research 30 (February 1993): 7-27.
Buckley, Michael J. “Education Marked with the Sign of the Cross.” America 163.5 (1990): 100-103.
Burghardt, Walter J. “Intellectual and Catholic? Or Catholic Intellectual?” America 160.1(1989):420-425.
Burton R. Clark. “Substantive Growth and Innovative Organization: New Categories for Higher Education Research.” Higher Education 32 (1996):417-430.
Byron, William J., S.J. “Living Generously in the Service of Others.” Keynote Address to the World congress of Jesuit Alumni. Sydney, Australia, 9 July, 1997.
________. “Building Blocks of Catholic Social Teaching.” America 179.3 (1998):9-12.
Cahill, Lisa Sowle. “Women and Men Working Together in Jesuit Institutions of Higher Learning.” Conversations 4 (Fall 1993):25-34.
Califano, Joseph A.,JR. “A Jesuit Education Revisited.” America 160.1 (1989):470-484
Churchill, Gilbert A., JR., and Carol Surprenant. “An Investigation into the Determinants of Customer Satisfaction.” Journal of Marketing Research 19 (November 1982): 491-504.
Cook, W. Bruce. “Fund Raising and the College Presidency in an Era of Uncertainty.” Journal of Higher Education 68.1 (1997): 53-86.
Crane, Diana. “Scientists at Major and Minor Universities: A Study of Productivity and Recognition.” American Sociological Review 30 (1965): 699-714.
Crooks, James B. “History’s Role in General Education.” Journal of General Education 31.2 (1979): 109-119.
Cross, K. Patricia, and Elizabeth F. Fideler. “Community College Missions.” Journal of Higher Education 60.2 (1989):209-216.
Davis, Diane E. and Helen S. Austin. “Reputational Standing in Academe.” Journal Higher Education 58.3 (1987). 261-275.
Dey, Eric, Jeffrey F. Milem, and Joseph B. Berger. “Changing Patterns of Publication Productivity: Accumulative Advantage or Institutional Isomorphism?” Sociology of Education 70 (October 1997): 308-323.
________. “The Structure of the Academic Profession: Toward a Definition of Ethical Issues.” Journal of Higher Education 53.3 (1982): 255-267.
Dougherty, Charles J. “Barriers and Resources.” Conversations 6 (Spring 1998):16-27.
Dressel, Paul L. “Mission, Organization, and Leadership.” Journal of Higher Education 58.1 (1987):101-109.
Dwyer, Judith A. “The Catholic Bishops’ Peace Pastoral and Higher Education.” Harvard Educational Review 54.3 (1984): 315-320.
Feeney, Joseph J.,S.J., Owen W. Gilman, JR., and Jo Alyson Parker. “Hiring Faculty for Mission: A Case Study of a Department’s Search.” Conversations 13 (Fall 1997):20-23.
Feeney, Peter J. S.J. “Half Truths and Whole Persons: Imaginary Conversations.” Conversations 12 (Spring 1997):28-29.
Friedrich, Robert J., and Stanley J. Michalak, Jr. “Why Doesn’t Research Improve Teaching?” Journal of Higher Education 54.2 (1983): 145-163
Furth, Dorotea. “New Hierarchies in Higher Education.” European Journal of Education 17.2 (1982):145-151.
Geiger, Roger, and Irwin Feller. “The Dispersion of Academic Research in the 1980s.” Journal of Higher Education 66.3 (1995): 336-360.
Gleason, Philip. “In Search of Unity: American Catholic Thought 1920-1960.” The Catholic Historical Review 65.2 (1979):185-205.
Grant, Robert Mshani, and R. RamiKrishnan. “TQM’s Challenge to Management Theory and Practice.” Sloan Management Review 35 (Winter 1994):25-37.
Green, Madeleine F. “Leadership and Institutional Change: a Comparative View.” Higher Education Management 9.2 (1997): 135-146.
Gruning, Stephen D. “Research, Reputation, and Resources: The Effect of Research Activity on Perceptions of Undergraduate Education and Institutional Resource Acquisition.” Journal of Higher Education 68.1 (1997):17-51.
Gumport, Patricia J. “A Case of Bureaucratic Accretion” Journal of Higher Education 66.5 (1995): 493-520.
_______________. “Academic Restructuring: Organizational Change and Institutional Imperatives.” Higher Education 39(2000):89-95.
Hackeet, Edward J. “Science as a Vocation in the 1990s.” Journal of Higher Education 61.3 (1990):241-278.
Haughey, John C. “Theology and the Mission of the Jesuit College and University.” Conversations 5 (Spring 1994):5-21.
Hayes, Alice Burke. “A Woman’s Place.” Conversations 4 (Fall 1993):9-19.
Henderson, Bruce B. and William D. Kane. “Caught in the Middle: Faculty and Institutional Quality in State Comprehensive Universities.” Higher Education 22(1991): 339-350.
Hesburgh, Theodore M. “Looking Back at Newman.” America 160 (1962):721.
Hollenbach, David, S.J. “Is Tolerance Enough? The Catholic University and the Common Good.” Conversations 6 (Spring 1998):3-15
Ikenberry, Stanley O. “Values, Character, Leadership: Reexamining Our Mission.” The Educational Record 78 (Summer/Fall 1997):7-9.
Jonsen, Richard W. “Small Colleges Cope with the Eighties.” Journal of Higher Education 55.2 (1984):171-581.
Kane, Kathleen. “Value-Oriented Hiring and Promotion and the University of San Francisco’s Vision 2005.” Conversations 33 (Fall 1997):30-34.
Kennedy, Donald. “Making Choices in the Research University.” Daedalus 122 (4 1993):127-156.
Keohane, Nannerl O. “The Mission of the Research University.” Daedalus 122 (4 1993):101-125.
Lawrence, Janet H. “Age as a Predictor of Faculty Productivity.” Journal of Higher Education 59.1 (1988): 22-38.
Leach, Fiona. “Development Projects and Their Host Institutions: Are They Compatible?” International Review of Education 41.6 (1995):459-479.
Levin, Henry M. “Raising Productivity in Higher Education.” Journal of Higher Education 62.3 (1991): 241-261.
Lin Yi-Guang, et. al. “The Use of Student Ratings in Promotion Decisions.” Journal of Higher Education 55.5 (1984): 583-554.
Long, J. Scott. “Productivity and Academic Position in the Scientific Career.” American Sociological Review 43(1978):889-908
McCabe, Douglas M. “Due Process Procedures in Faculty Grievance Codes.” Journal of Business Ethics 17 (November 1998):1653-62.
McCartan Anne-Marie. “The Community College Mission.” Journal of Higher Education 54.6 (1983): 676-692.
McDaniel, Olaf C. “Alternatives to Government Interference in Higher Education?” Higher Education Management 9.2 (1997): 115-133.
McGuire, Joseph W., et al. “The Efficient Production of ‘Reputation’: Prestige Research Universities in the United States.” Journal of Higher Education 59.4 (1988):365-389.
Moore, Stephen Pzapple, David M. Smith, Stephen M. Faden. “Georgetown MeNetwork: A New Software Toll for Research Administration and Oversight.” SRA Journal 27 (Summer 1995):7-15.
Neumann, Yoram, and Edith Finaly-Neumann. “The Support-Stress Paradigm and Faculty Research Publication.” Journal of Higher Education 61.5 (1990): 565-580.
Niklasson, Lars. “State, Market and Oligarchy in Higher Education: A Typology and an Outline of the Debate.” Higher Education Management 7 (1995): 345-353.
Nordvall, Robert C., and John M. Braxton. “An Alternative Definition of Quality of Undergraduate College Education.” Journal of Higher Education 67.5 (1996):483-497.
O’Brien, David J. “Conversations on Jesuit Higher Education: Jesuit Si, Catholic…Not So Sure.” Conversations 6 (Fall 1994):4-30.
O’keefe, Vincent T., S.J. “Who Owns Jesuit Colleges and Universities?” Conversations 3 (February 1992):15-17.
Panuska, Joseph A. S.J. “A Personal Perspective on Hiring for Mission.” Conversations 12 (Fall 1997):10.
Park, Shelley M. “Research, Teaching, and Service--Why Shouldn‘t Women’s Work Count?” Journal of Higher Education 67.1 (1996): 46-80.
Pauly, John J. “Mission Talk and the Bugaboo.” Conversations 5 (Fall 1997):24-29.
Passon, Richard H. “Hiring for Mission: An Overview.” Conversations 5 (Fall 1997):5-13.
Pfnister, Allan O. “The Role of the Liberal Arts Colleges.” Journal of Higher Education 55.2 (1984):145-169.
Padberg, John W., S.J. “Who Are These People and What Are They Doing and Why?” Conversations 3 (February 1992):3-5.
Pavur, Cladue. “The Great Ratio.” Jesuit Bulletin 78 (Winter 1998): 12-15.
“Raising Questions Encouraging Conversations Inviting Responses.” Conversations 3 (February 1992):6-11.
Reiner, Paul C. and Paul Shore. “The Catholic University’s Recognition of Mystery.” America 171 (1995):17-35.
Rhodes, Frank H. T. “The Mission and Ministry of Jesuits in Higher Education.” America 161(1989): 54-60.
Riesman, David. “A Conversation with Simmons College.” The Journal of General Education 31. 2 (1979): 79-107.
Rowntree, Stephen C. “Ten Theses on Jesuit Higher Education.” America 170 (1994):6-12.
Rupert, Patricia A. “Dual Relationships in Higher Education.” Journal of Higher Education 68.6 (1997): 661-678.
Sacken, Donal M. “Taking Teaching Seriously.” Journal of Higher Education 61.5 (1990): 548-563.
Sauve, James W., S.J. “Complex Simplicity.” Conversations 3 (February 1992):12-14.
Schwartz, Arthur J., and John M. Templeton, Jr. “The Templeton Honor Roll: Recognizing Exemplary Character Development Programs in Higher Education.” The Educational Record 78 (Summer/Fall 1997):95-98.
Schwehn, Mark R. “The Spirit of Teaching.” Conversations 10 (Fall 1996):5-13
Shattock, Michael. “The Managerial Implications of the New Priorities.” Higher Education Management 9.2 (1997):27-34.
Sherman, Thomas M., et al. “The Quest for Excellence in University Teaching.” Journal of Higher Education 48.1 (1987): 66-84.
Skinner, Patricia, and Jonathan Tafel. “Promoting Excellence in Undergraduate Education in Ohio.” Journal of Higher Education 57.1 (1986):93-105.
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping, and Mitchell Chamberlain. “Attitudes Toward Research and Teaching.” Journal of Higher Education 68.2 (1997):212-227.
Tien, Flora F., and Robert T. Blackburn. “Faculty Rank System, Research Motivation, and Faculty Research Productivity.” Journal of Higher Education 67.1 (1996):2-22.
Weiss, Carol H. “The Four ”I‘s” Of School Reform: How Interests, Ideology, Information, and Institution Affect Teachers and Principal.” Harvard Educational Review 65.4 (1995): 571-592.
Willimon, William H. “Religious Faith and Development of Character on Campus.” The Educational Record 78 (Summer/Fall 1997):73-79.
Wister, Robert J. “The Teaching of Theology 1950-1990: The American Experience.” America 162(1990):88-90
IV. Newspapers and Magazines
Aldersley, Stephen F. “Upward Drift” is Alive and Well.” Change 27.5 (1995):51-56.
Ansley, Fran, and John Gaventa. “Researching for Democracy & Democratizing Research.” Change 29.1(1997): 46-53.
Came, Scott. “GU May Require All Sophomores to Live on Campus next Year.” Georgetown Voice 1 November 1990: 8.
Cheit, Earl F. “What Price Accountability?” Change 26.3 (1994): 71.
Cordes, Colleen. “The Academic Pork Barrel Begins to Fill up Again.” The Chronicles of Higher Education 19 June 1998: 30-31.
Cossette, Lani. “GU Implicated in Federal Lobbying Investigation.” Georgetown Voice 8 December 1990.
Delancy, Adrian. “Keeping the Faith.” Georgetown Voice 24 August 1990: 5.
Dill, David D. “Accreditation & Academic Quality Assurance.” Change 28.5 (1996):17-24.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Peter J. Hurst. “A Hedonic Model.” Change 28.3 (1996): 46-50
Finkin Matthew. “The Endless Debate of Faculty Tenure.” Georgetown Voice 16 March 1971.
Flanny, Mike, and Steve Goldberg. “Area Profs Feel Wage-Price Squeeze.” Georgetown Voice 28 September 1971: 8.
Gabelinick, Faith. “Educating a Committed Citizenry.” Change 29.1 (1997): 30-35.
Gaff, Jerry G., and Leo M. Lambert. “Socializing Future Faculty to the Values of Undergraduate Education.” Change 28.4 (1996): 38-45.
Gibbs, Graham. “Promoting Excellent Teaching is Harder Than You’d Think.” Change 27.3 (1995): 17-33.
Goldstein, Avram. “GU Medical Center Loses $62.4 Million; Deficit Results in Lower Credit Rating.” The Washington Post 7 January 1999: 1
Guskin, Allen E. “Facing the Future: the Change Process in Restructuring Universities.” Change 28.4 (1996):27-37.
Haycock, Kati. “Thinking Differently About School Reform.” Change 28.1 (1996):13-18.
Hilzenrath, David S. “Medical Faculty Offered Buyouts; Georgetown Unit Tries to Cut Costs.” The Washington Post 3 April 1998: 4.
Johnstone, Sally M. and Barbara Krauth. “Some Principles of God Practice for the Virtual Universities.” Change 28.3 (1996): 38-41.
Keely, Sean. “Firing Canons.” Georgetown Voice 2 May 1991: 5
Kennedy, Donald. “Another Century’s End: Another Revolution for Higher Education.” Change 27.3 (1995): 8-15.
Kerr, Clark. “Knowledge Ethics and the Academic Culture.” Change 26.1 (1994):9-15
Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans. Speech at 5th Congress of World Union of Jesuit Alumni. 9 July Sydney, 1997.
LeFevere, Patricia. “From the Edges to the Academic Center.” National Catholic Reporter 16 October 1998: 29
Levine, Arthur. “Succeeding as a Leader: Falling as a President.” Change 127.1(1998): 43-45.
Lively, Kit. “Georgetown Announces Plan to Place Crucifixes in Most of its Classrooms.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 6 March 1998: 44
Lopata, Chris. “Georgetown’s Third Century Kicks Off.” Georgetown Voice 24 August 1990: 1.
Loughran, James N. “Still Considering the Idea of the Catholic University.” National Catholic Reporter 1 May 1998: 15-18.
Lynch, Tim. “O’Donovan Creates New VP Post.” Georgetown Voice 14 February 1991: 7.
Malcolm, Teresa. “Georgetown to Place Crucifixes.” National Catholic Reporter 6 March 1998.
Machung, Anne. “Playing the Ranking Game.” Change 127.3 (1998):12-16.
Maher, Berndan. A. “The NRC’s Report on Research-Doctorate Programs: Its Uses and Misuses.” Change 28.6 (1996):54-59.
Mangan, Katherine. “Georgetown Suspends Plan to Link Medical Professors’ Pay to Ability to Win Grants.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 27 November 1998: 12.
Martz, Stephanie. “Appearances and the 1980s at Georgetown.” Georgetown Voice 25 Ocober 1990: 5.
Massy, William F., et al. “Overcoming “Hollowed Collegiality.” Change 126.4 (1997):11-20.
Masters Brooke A. “At Catholic Colleges, Higher Education Truths Collide; Scholars Fear Push for Loyalty to Vatican.” The Washington Post 5 February 1999.
Picchi, Bernard. “Non-Academic Personnel.” Georgetown Voice 15 September 1970: 2.
Ribadenira, Diego. “Georgetown to Go Way of the Cross Amid a Widespread Debate, A Decision to Be Catholic.” Boston Globe 24 February 1998: 1.
Reichard, Maggie, and Molly Mackin. “A Compromise of Catholic Tradition.” Georgetown Voice 18 April 1991: 5.
Sakson, Sharon. “Foreign Service Ranked No. 1.” Georgetown Voice 5 October 1971: 3.
Schneider, Alison. “Students Accuse Georgetown of Ignoring African Studies.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 21 May 1999: 14
Strauss, Valierie. “A $30 million Gift to Georgetown: Alumus Donates to Business School, Says University ‘Touch My Soul.” The Washington Post 8 October 1998: 1.
________. “Georgetown Decides to Retain Law Dean; Facing Revolt, President Changes Mind.” The Washington Post 18 April 1998: 1-3
Strunk, Mary. “O’Donovan Announces Future Policy.” Georgetown Voice 2 May 1991: 7.
Taylor, Mel. “Bring the Jesuit Mission to Life.” University of San Francisco Magazine 5 (Summer 1998): 8-11
Washington, Katie. “Tuition, Financial Aid Growth Modest--- Class of’95 Forced on Campus for Two Years.” Georgetown Voice 11 April 1991: 9.
Webster, David S. “U.S. News and World Report: Complete Ranking of Graduate Programs.” Change 26.1 (1994): 37-45.
________, and Tad Skinner. “Rating Ph.D. Programs: What the NRC Report Says … and Doesn’t Say.” Change 28.3 (1996): 22-32.
Winston, Gordon. “The Decline in Undergraduate.” Change 26.5 (1994): 8-15.
Yarmolinsky, Adam. “A Case for the Flexible Contract─Tenure: Permanence and Change.” Change 28.3 (1996): 16-20.
Zernike, Kate. “Catholic Colleges See Peril in Vatican Push for Control.” Boston Globe 4 January 1999: 3.
“The Order of Education.” Newsweek 19 June 1989: 59.
“Jesuit Secondary School.” Jesuits 1994.
“The First Congregation of Jesuit Provincials.” Jesuits 1992.
“Speech of Father General at the Jesuit Education Assembly.” The Year Book of the Society of Jesus 1990.
“Interview with Father Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, General of the Society of Jesus.” Jesuits 1989.
“Georgetown Vice President Resigns.” The Washington Post 30 April 1998: 3
“Georgetown Law Dean Will Keep Her Job.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 1 May 1998: 8.
“Pork-Barrel Science vs. Peer Review.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 6 October 1986:96-98.
“Georgetown Law Students Defend their Dean.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 24 April 1998: 10.
“Georgetown U. Students Protest Cuts in Ministry.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 14 May 1999: 10.
“Medical School Crisis.” Georgetown Voice 27 October 1970.
“Multicultural Education in the Future at Georgetown.” Georgetown Voice 11 October 1990: 11.
“Letter to the Editor: Georgetown Campus: Faith and Controversy.” Wall Street Journal 27 May 1999: 29.
“Student Centers/Service Areas: Georgetown University, Leavey Center.” American School & University 70 (August 1998): 125.
“The Terrible Toll on College Presidents.” U.S. News & World Report
12 December 1994: 82.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 28 November 1983.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 25 November 1985
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 25 August 1986.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 2 November 1987
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 10 October 1988.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 16 October 1989.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 15 October 1990.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 30 September 1991.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 1 October 1992.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 4 October 1993.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 26 September 1994
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 18 September 1995.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 16 September 1996.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 1 September 1997.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 4 September 1998.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 30 August 1999.
“America’s Best Colleges.” U. S. News & World Report 11 September 2000.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report 20 March 1995.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report 18 March 1996.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report 10 March 1997.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report 2 March 1998.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report 8 March 1999.
“Best Graduate Schools.” U. S. News & World Report April 10 2000
V. Interviews
Brown , Borothy M. Interview. 21 July 1999.
Byron, William, S.J. Interview. 29 July 1999.
Curran, Robert Emmett, S.J. Interview. 7 July, 14 July 1999.
Douglass, R. Bruce. Interview. 7 July 1999, 27 June 2001
Durkin, Joseph, S.J. Interview. 2 July, 6 July, 28 July, 1999;
July 16 2001
Hellwig, Monika. Interview. 8 July 1999; 2 July 2001
McFadden, William C., S.J. Interview. 20 July 1999; June 29 2001
Moore, Anthony. Interview. June 27 2001.
VI. Documents about Jesuit Universities and the Church
AJCU Fact Files 1977-1983. Washington, D.C.: Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, 1984.
AJCU Fact Files 1983-1987. Washington, D.C.: Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, 1988.
John Paul II. Catholic University: Apostolic Constitution of the Supreme Pontiff. 1990.
Documents of the 31st General Congregations of the Society of Jesus. 1965-66.
Documents of the 32st General Congregations of the Society of Jesus. 1974-75.
Documents of the 33rd General Congregation of the Society of Jesus. 1983.
Decree of the 34th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus. 1995.
Gallin, Alice, O.S.U., ed. American Catholic Higher Education: Essential Documents, 1967-1990. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.
George E. Ganss., Trans. The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus. St. Louis : Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1970
Guides for Jesuit Higher Education: The Consensus Statements, Recommendations, and Committee Reports of the J.E.A. Denver Workshop on Jesuit Universities and Colleges. Denver, Colorado: Regis College, 1969.
Jesuit Educational Quarterly. 30.3 ( January 1968).
Mission Statement of Main Campus in 1981.
Practical Compendium of the Law of the Society of Jesus. 1991.
Proceedings of the J.E.A. Denver Workshop: Jesuit Universities and Colleges: Their Commitment in a World of Change. Denver, Colorado: Regis College, 1969.
The Characteristics of Jesuit Education. Washington, D.C.: Jesuit Secondary Education Association, 1987.
The Jesuit Brothers’ Vocation. Rome: Centrum Ignatianum Spiritualitatis, 1983.
The Jesuit Order and Higher Education in the United States 1789-1996: Report to the 31st Congregation Society of Jesus. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Jesuit Province, 1966.
The Ratio Studiorum of 1599.
The Second Vatican Council of 1965.
The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Tran. Louis J. Paul, S.J., Chicago: Loyola Press, 1951.
The Society of Jesus and Higher Education in America: Proceedings of the Woodstock Institute. 9-11 Oct. 1964.
VII. Documents about Georgetown University
“A Catholic Identity of Manhattan College: A View From Georgetown.” The Seventh Lasallian Convocation 24 September 1998.
Catalogue of the College of Arts & Sciences, 1850-1851.
Catalogue of the College of Arts & Sciences, 1941-1942.
Catalogue of the College of Arts & Sciences, 1970-1971.
Centered Pluralism: A report of a Faculty Seminar on the Jesuit Identity of Georgetown University. November 1996.
Constitution of the University Faculty Senate 1993.
“Dwelling in Possibility Faculty Address.” By Leo J. O’Donovan, S.J., Georgetown University President. 23 September 1998.
School of Medicine’s Catalogue 1990-1991.
Graduate School’s Catalogue 1993-1994.
Georgetown University’s President’s Report 1969-1970.
Georgetown University’s Annual Report 1989.
Georgetown University’s Faculty Newsletter. Office of the Provost. Fall 1998.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1957.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1984.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1985.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1987.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1998.
Georgetown University Faculty Handbook of 1999.
Georgetown University’s Mission Statement-Main Campus. Draft. 12 December 1999.
Georgetown University’s Undergraduate Bulletin of 1998-1999.
Georgetown University’s Undergraduate Bulletin of 1999-2000.
Georgetown University’s International Student & Scholar Handbook of 1998-1999.
Georgetown University’s Schedule of Classes of 1999-2000.
Georgetown University Self-Study Report: Presented for Consideration of the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Vol. I. 1 September 1960.
________. Vol. II. 1 September 1960.
________. Vol. III. 1 September 1960.
________. Vol. IV. 1 September 1960.
________. Vol. V. 1 September 1960.
________. Vol. VII. 1 September 1960.
Georgetown University Self-Study Report: Perspectives and Problems, A Self-Study. 1 February 1971.
Georgetown University Self-Evaluation Report: Presented for consideration of the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, Middles States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. October 1981.
Georgetown University Self-Study Report: Presented for Consideration of the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, Middles States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. March 1993.
Appendices to the Self-Study. March 1993.
Minutes of the Faculty Senate. 14 April 1998.
Imagining Georgetown: The Year 2010.
Summary List of Recommendations of the Task Force Georgetown’s Catholic & Jesuit Identity.
The Task Force on the Recruitment, Retention , and Advancement of Women on the Main Campus. Full Final Report. September 1991.
Task Force on Georgetown’s Catholic and Jesuit Identity. Final Report and Recommendation. October 1998.
White Paper on Tenure at the Medical Center Georgetown University. October 1998
“Why are We on the Core Curriculum Proposal?” Provost’s Newsletter. Fall
1999.
1972-1973 Report of the Georgetown University President.
VIII. Documents Posted on Internet
A Biography of Ignatius Loyola. Jesuit Resources on the World Wide Web.
25 March 1999 < http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~bucko/V_IGNAT.HTML>.
Analysis of Mission Statements or Similar Documents of Jesuit Universities and Higher Education Institutions. Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. 25 March 1999 < http://www.infro.fundp.ac.be>.
Award List for Georgetown University. National Science Foundation. 25 March 1999 .
Campus Ministry. Georgetown University. 11 April 2001 .
Chairs of Departments. 1999 Georgetown University Faculty Handbook. 21 Sept. 2000 .
China Province: New Birth, Geographical Description and Governance. Chinese Bishop Regional Conference. 7 April 1999 .
Diversity at Georgetown University. Georgetown University. 31 March 1999
.
Documents of the 34th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus. Jesuit Resources on the World Wide Web. 25 March 1999 .
Equal Employment Opportunity-Affirmative Action. Georgetown University.
1 Feb. 2001 .
The Fact Sheet on Jesuit Higher Education in the United States Document. Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. 8 Feb. 1999
General University Fellowship Success. Georgetown University. 25 March 1999 .
Georgetown’s Catholic and Jesuit Identity. Georgetown University. 25 March 1999 .
Georgetown at a Glance. Georgetown University. 25 March 1999 .
Georgetown Moves up in U.S. News & World Report: College Rankings. Georgetown University. 18 March 1999 .
Georgetown University’s New Mission Statement. Georgetown University.
18 May 2001 < http://www.georgetown.edu>.
Georgetown University President Leo J. O’Donovan, S. J. Announces Plans to Retire after 2000-01 Academic Year. Georgetown University. 11 April 2000
< http://guweb.georgetown.edu>.
Georgetown University Receives 350,000 Grant From National Science Foundation. [03/18/1999] Georgetown University. 18 March 1999 .
Georgetown University Breaks $500 million Mark in Third Century Campaign. Georgetown University. 11 April 2000< http://guweb.georgetown.edu>.
Georgetown University Law Center to Establish Building Committee with Announcement of $5 million Gift. Georgetown University. 6 Dec. 2000
< http://www.law.georgetown.edu>.
Georgetown University Board of Director. Georgetown University. 12 April 2001 .
Georgetown University Names a Layman as its President. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 20 Feb. 2001 .
Guidelines for Submission of Applications for Tenure and Promotion. Faculty Handbook. 21 Sept. 2000
< http://www.georgetown.edu/facultysenate/handbook>.
Job Application and Selection Process. Georgetown University Human Resources Manual. 9 March 2000 .
The History Requirement at Georgetown. Georgetown University. 25 March 1999 .
The Creation of the Pedro Arrupe Scholars Program at Georgetown University. Georgetown University. 31 March 1999 .
Improving Services and Saving Resources: Georgetown’s Administrative. Excellence Initiative. Georgetown University. 31 March 1999 .
Martin Vanderwerf. “Georgetown’s Growing Pains: Eager Applicants, Troubled Finance.” The Chronicle of Higher Education. 28 Jan. 2001
< http://www.chronicle.com >.
______________. “Georgetown’s President had to Learn about Management after Taking Office.” The Chronicle of Higher Education. 22 Feb. 2001
< http://www.chronicle.com >.
Mission And Identity Activity at Jesuit Colleges and Universities in the United States. Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. 3 March 1999
< http://www.ajcunet.edu>.
Jesuit Colleges Try to Bring Their Values to Online Education. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 29 June 2001< http://www.chronicle.com >.
William B. Neena, S.J. “Jesuit International Education in History.” Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. 25 June 1999 < http://www.ajcunet.edu>.
Jesuit Provinces. Jesuit Resources on the World Wide Web. 17 April 1999 .
Jesuit Residence Provides Glimpse of G.U. History. Georgetown University.
22 May 1999 .
O’Donovan, Leo J. “Another New World: Shaping Information Technology to a Jesuit University in the Liberal Arts Tradition.” Georgetown University.
17 April 1999.
Religious Symbolism at Georgetown University. Georgetown University.
7 Oct. 1998 .
Report on Georgetown University’s Clinical Partnership with MedStar Health. Inc. Georgetown University. 25 April 2001.
Reviewing the Undergraduate Core Curriculum. Georgetown University.
18 March 1999 .
To Renew Georgetown: the Third Campaign Georgetown University.
17 April 1999 .
Tuition Rises Faster Than Inflation, and Faster Than in Previous Year. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 27 Oct. 2000 .
Transcript of Press Conference Announcing Georgetown University’s 48th President. Georgetown University.23 Feb. 2001 .
Speech and Expression at Georgetown University. Georgetown University.
17 April 1999 .
Strengthening Georgetown’s English Major. Georgetown University.
17 April 1999 .
1996-1997: A Year of Achievement. Georgetown University.
17 April 1999 .
Volunteerism and Service at Georgetown. Georgetown University.
18 March 1999 .
2000-2001: A Year of Achievement. Georgetown University.
28 June 2001.
XI. E-mails.
Douglass, R. Bruce. “Angela in Taiwan.” Personal e-mail (16 June 2001) (20 June 2001) (27 June 2001) (28 June 2001)
Hellwig, Monika. “Your Questions in e-mail.” Personal e-mails (26 Sept. 2000) (28 Sept. 2000) (26 April 2001)
McGuire, Michael D. “Angela in Taiwan Asking a Favor.” Personal e-mails (29 June 2001) (3 July 2001) (5 July 2001)
McFadden, William C., S.J. “Re:Question 3.” Personal e-mails (10 Sept. 2000) (17 Sept. 2000) (3 Jan 2001) (17 June 2001) (3 July 2001) (30 July 2001)
Moore, Anthony. “Angela in Taiwan.” Personal e-mails (21 June 2001) (29 June 2001) (29 July 2001) (30 July 2001)
 
 
 
 
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