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題名：台灣製造業廠商創新行為之分析
作者：黃珈卉
作者(外文)：Chia-hui Huang
校院名稱：國立中央大學
系所名稱：產業經濟研究所
指導教授：楊志海
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2009
主題關鍵詞：持續；專利；研發投資抵減；創新；Innovation；Patent；R&D Tax Credits；Persistence
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創新被廣泛的認為是帶動國家經濟成長及產業演進的主要驅動力。瞭解廠商創新行為的動態過程是相當重要的，因為此有助於政府制訂適切的科技政以鼓勵廠商從事創新活動，進而促進國家經濟持續性成長。基於這樣的觀點下，本論文以底下三種不同的角度來分析廠商的創新行為，內容包括廠商創新持續性的探討，研發生產力的動態過程以及租稅誘因對廠商研發活動影響的分析。實證結果分別描述如下：
議題一，為了以動態的觀點來觀察廠商創新行為的持續性，係以台灣證券交易所掛牌上市的製造業廠商做為研究對象，資料期間為1990至2003年，建立一組長期追縱資料來進行分析。利用dynamic panel data model with unobserved heterogeneity，控制個別廠商無法觀察之異質性及解決初始條件問題後，實證結果證實台灣製造業廠商存在創新持續的現象。再者，進一步將樣本區分成高技術機會群與低技術機會群兩群，分別檢驗不同技術機會環境下的廠商創新行為是否持續。結果顯示，不論是否為科學性產業的創新行為皆存在創新持續的現象。而此效果以科學性產業較為明顯。
議題二，為了瞭解台灣在亞洲金融風暴後的經濟衰退是否源自於研發生產力的下降所致，利用廠商層級的資料來探究台灣創新生產力的趨勢。不論是以知識生產函數或研發彈性的方式來捕捉廠商研發的生產力，實證結果皆顯示，台灣製造業廠商在1990-2003年間的研發生產力呈現遞增而非遞減的趨勢。且這種效果在電子產業尤其明顯。由此可知，台灣在亞洲金融風暴後的經濟衰退現象並無法由研發生產力下降的論點所解釋。而此結果亦支持內生成長模型的論點，即創新是帶動國家經濟成長及產業演進的主要驅動力。
最後，為了瞭解租稅誘因對廠商研究活動之影響。議題三利用兩種不同的角度來進行分析。首先，探討研發投資抵減的採用對廠商研發績效的影響。利用propensity score matching (PSM) method進行分析的實證結果顯示，相對於沒有採用研發投資抵減的廠商而言，研發投資抵減採用者的研發成長與當期研發支出等研發績效皆較佳。除了比較研發投資抵減採用與否對廠商創新績效的差別外，本文亦進一步探討研發投資抵減金額與廠商研發經費之間的關係。利用Panel Generalized Method of Moment(GMM)的結果亦證實，研發投資抵減對廠商研發活動具有正向顯著的影響。由此可知，租稅誘因對廠商之研發活動確實具有影響。且這種效果在高科技產業尤其明顯。
Innovation is widely recognized as a main driving force of economic growth as well as industrial evolution. Understanding the dynamic process of innovations is particularly important and relevant to Taiwan, because it helps the government to make technology policy to encourage innovations, and then contribute to the sustainable growth. In view of this, the objects of the dissertation focus on three aspects of innovation behavior, including innovative persistency, dynamics of R&D productivity, and the tax incentives on firms’ R&D activities.
In the first issue, we examine the persistence of innovation and investigate the determinants of firm’s innovation in Taiwan’s manufacturing sector, using a panel dataset of manufacturing firms over the period 1990-2003. This study employs a new estimation method of the dynamic panel data model with unobserved heterogeneity to account for firm heterogeneity and also handles the problem of initial conditions. The empirical results find a strong effect of state dependence after controlling for firm heterogeneity and the initial condition, supporting the hypothesis of true persistent innovation. This finding is also supported for subgroups of scientific and non-scientific industries, implying that the causal effect from past innovation to current innovation exists across industries. Less surprisingly, the phenomenon of innovation persistence is stronger in scientific industries relative to non-scientific industries. We also highlight some important factors that affect continuity in the performance of innovations contributing to the understanding of the determinants of firms’ innovation.
In the second issue, we investigate changes in R&D productivity for Taiwan’s manufacturing firms over the 1990-2003 period. Employing various approaches to obtain robust results, a micoreconometric analysis at the firm-level suggests that R&D productivity overall appears to be ascendant, especially during the post-crisis period. This result is also evidenced when we segment the sample into industry groups, whereby electronics firms have a significantly high R&D productivity growth relative to firms outside the electronics industry.
Finally, we investigate the effect of tax incentives on the R&D activities of Taiwanese manufacturing firms. Specifically, we examine the potential differences in innovation effect between R&D tax credits users and non-users as well as high-tech and non-high-tech industries. Using a firm-level panel dataset during 2001 and 2005, results obtained by the technique of propensity score matching (PSM) show that R&D tax credit users appear to have a higher levels of R&D expenditure and R&D growth than non-users. Moreover, we employ the GMM of panel fixed model to control for the endogeneity of R&D tax credits in determining R&D expenditure. Empirical results obtained based on both the entire sample and high-tech-firms are quite similar that there is a significantly R&D-enhancing effect of R&D tax credits in various estimates. This suggests that the R&D preferential policy in Taiwan has induced more R&D expenditure devoted by firms. In specifically, the effect of R&D tax credits is much greater for high-tech firms than their corresponding non-high-tech firms.
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