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題名：跨國經營之技術選擇分析
作者：劉芳敏 引用關係
作者(外文)：Liu, Fang- Min
校院名稱：中國文化大學
系所名稱：經濟學研究所
指導教授：江永裕
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2009
主題關鍵詞：市場規模；成本差異；效率損失；技術選擇；Efficiency loss；Technological choice；Market size；Cost differentiation
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本論文第一個理論模型延伸Krugman的獨占性競爭模型，討論市場規模以及生產技術在不同市場上的成本差異如何影響廠商在本國及國外的技術選擇。假設有兩種生產技術：高階生產技術及低階生產技術。每一個生產技術的採行皆會產生固定與變動成本。而在國外採行高階生產技術時，會產生效率損失，效率損失則反應於固定成本的差異。本文發現當在國外採用高階生產技術的效率損失超越一個門檻值時，廠商不會在國外採用高階技術。而國外市場規模愈大，該門檻值愈大，表示廠商愈容易在國外採用高階技術。至於在本國生產會採用那一種技術則端視高階技術相對於低階技術在變動成本方面的優勢而定。若差異不大，在國內生產將採取低階技術；反之則採取高階技術。
本論文亦分析政府政策的影響，發現若本國政府對採取高階技術之廠商給予研發補貼，可促使廠商在國內採行高階技術，但並不能有效阻止在外國採行高階技術的情形。在懲罰性課稅政策方面，當多國籍廠商在外國採取高階技術時，課以懲罰性定額稅會比課徵利潤稅更能抑制本國高階技術之外流。
論文的第二個理論模型延伸第一個理論模型，加入廠商生產力異質性，生產力的差異性反應在同一技術下變動成本不同。結果發現，在封閉經濟體系下，生產力較低的廠商會採取低階技術，而生產力較高的廠商將會採取高階技術。在開放經濟體系下，廠商本身的生產力高低及高階技術在不同國家間的效率差異交互影響決定了廠商的技術選擇。基本上生產力較小的廠商較易採行低階技術。和第一個理論模型一樣，國外市場效率損失存在一個門檻值，當效率損失係數超越此一門檻值時，生產力最低的廠商在國內外均採用低階技術，生產力次之的廠商則選擇在國內採用高階技術，只有生產力最高的廠商才會同時在國內外採取高階技術。反之，當效率損失係數未超越此一門檻值時，生產力最低的廠商在國內外均採用低階技術，生產力次之的廠商則會選擇在國外採用高階技術，只有生產力最高的廠商才會同時在國內外採取高階技術。最後，利用一般均衡分析可得知，當國外市場規模擴大時，將可能使在國外採高階技術的廠商數量增加,並導致本國工資水準將相對下降。
This thesis sets up two theoretical models to illustrate how market size and efficiency loss in foreign market affect a firm’s choice of technology. We follow Krugman(1981) and assume that final goods markets are monopolistically competitive. There are two technologies: a high-end technology and a low-end technology. The high-end technology involves a larger fixed cost and a lower variable cost, while the low technology involves a lower fixed cost and a higher variable cost. To use the high-end technology in a foreign market, a firm incurs an efficiency loss which is reflected in a higher fixed cost in the foreign market than in the domestic market. We find out that there exists a critical value of efficiency loss below which firms will adopt high-end technology in the foreign market. The size of the foreign market also plays a role in technological choice. The critical value of efficiency loss in a large foreign market is higher than in a small foreign market so that it will be easier for domestic firms to adopt high- end technology in the foreign market.
In addition, we also analyze the effect of government policy on technology choice: a subsidy on the development of high technology makes it easier for domestic firms to adopt the high-end technology in domestic market; however, it cannot stop a firm from adopting the high-end technology in a foreign market. A penalty tax on adopting the high-end technology in a foreign market is more efficient than the profit tax in stopping firms from using high technology in a foreign market.
Additionally, in a closed economy, we find out the firms of less productivity tend to choose the low-end technology, while the firms of more productivity tend to choose the high-end technology. On the other hand, in an open economy, there exist three critical values of productivity. It follows that the firm with productivity below the first critical value (the lowerest one) will not choose to enter the market. The firm with productivity between the first and the second critical value will adopt the low- end technology in both markets. In addition, the firm with more productivity, between the second and the third critical value, will choose high-end technology in domestic market only when the efficiency loss is higher and in the foreign market only when the efficiency loss is lower. The last implication follows from the fact that the high-end productivity firm, with productivity higher than the third critical value (the greatest one), will choose the high-end technology in both markets. However, when the foreign market size enlarges, it is more likely for a firm to adopt the high-end technology; meanwhile, with a general equilibrium analysis, the level of domestic wage will be relatively decreased.
江永裕，謝中興 (2005)《異質性廠商、消費價值創造與生產模式》，經濟論文33:4 467-503。new window
蔡宜臻，邱俊榮 (2007)《對外直接投資與研究發展》，經濟論文35:1 53-82。new window
龔明鑫，張建一 (2007) 經濟部國貿局投資業務處、投審會委託台灣經濟研
究院之研究《兩岸貿易與投資影響評估報告》。
今周刊2007年11月5日
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