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題名:亞里斯多德《修辭學》中的「語用空缺」問題研究--一個當代非形式邏輯的考察
作者:徐金雲 引用關係
作者(外文):Chin-yun Hsu
校院名稱:東海大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:張漢良 博士
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:修辭術修辭推論論辯理論語用空缺語用極大值實踐智慧rhetoricenthymemeargumentation theorypragmatic gapspragmatic optimumpractical wisdom
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摘 要
這篇論文嘗試證明在亞里斯多德的修辭推論“enthymeme”以及整體說服論述中,存在著一些「語用層面的空缺」。筆者透過華頓(Douglas Walton)的形式對話系統“CBVK”(和一套特殊的論證軟體埃羅凱利亞[araucaria])以及埃默倫(Frans van Eemeren)的「語用辯證理論」(pragma-dialectical theory)的研究,發現這些空缺的邏輯特質以及在論證中的形式功能。筆者認為,在人類實踐生活所使用的論證中,這些「空缺」並非只存在於「命題」的層面(即並非只是一種恩尼斯[Robert Ennis]所謂的[被使用的假定命題][used assumptions]或是[被需要的假定命題][needed assumptions]),它們還存在於人類的心智層面,這種層面的空缺作為一種「主體能動」的部分進行「選擇、安排、運籌以及調控」等功能,發動整個推論的進行。筆者以亞里斯多德的《修辭學》作為研究以及展示的模型,最後指出,以亞里斯多德的修辭推論而言,這個「主體能動性」的「語用層面的空缺」,就是「實踐智慧」(practical wisdom),也即韋爾南(Jean-Pierre Vernant)以及德田(Marcel Detienne)所謂的「狡智」(mêtis)。論文最後亦嘗試將「實踐智慧」作為一種形式化的運作原則,為亞里斯多德的修辭術建立一個形式化的論證框架。
Abstract
This study attempts to demonstrate the “pragmatic gaps” in Aristotle's enthymeme and pisteis. The author uses the “CBVK” system and a special software system, the “araucaria”, proposed by Douglas Walton and Frans van Eemeren in their pragma-dialectical theory, to identify the gaps. She finds that the “gaps” in practical argument not only manifest on the propositional level (i.e., the “used” or “needed” assumptions by Robert Ennis), but also reside in the human mind as a subjective-activate component, and therefore serve various non-propositional functions. The author closely reads Aristotle's Rhetoric in light of this argument. She further asserts that the subjective-activate component of pragmatic gaps in Aristotle's rhetorical argument amounts to the so-called “practical wisdom” (phronesis), or in J-P Vernant and Detienne word, “mêtis”. Finally, the study attempts to build a pragmatic rhetorical model which combines “practical wisdom” and formal operational procedures that characterize Aristotle’s unique rhetorical argument.
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