童妮‧摩里森《最藍的眼睛》及《所羅門之歌》中的羞恥、創傷和療癒_

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題名：	童妮‧摩里森《最藍的眼睛》及《所羅門之歌》中的羞恥、創傷和療癒
作者：	黃沁芬
作者(外文)：	Ching-fen Huang
校院名稱：	高雄師範大學
系所名稱：	英語學系
指導教授：	廖本瑞
學位類別：	博士
出版日期：	2012
主題關鍵詞：	童妮‧摩里森；《最藍的眼睛》；《所羅門之歌》；羞恥；創傷；療癒；Toni Morrison；The Bluest Eye；Song of Solomon；Shame；Trauma；Healing
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:38

本篇論文旨在闡述在童妮摩里森的《最藍的眼睛》及《所羅門之歌》中，種族歧視所產生的羞恥如同毒藥一般啃蝕非裔美國人的靈魂。種族歧視的論述及種族暴力在在經由社會及家庭在黑人心靈深處烙下羞恥的印記。這種內化的有害羞恥感，不只殘害他們的心理，也危害他們的人際關係。他們不止被創傷後症候群及羞恥引發的負面情緒反應所苦，他們的自我也全然破裂。因為有害的羞恥感，他們無法照著自己的本像接納及鐘愛自己。他們的自我藐視及自我厭棄到了痛苦不堪的地步，因此他們得創造出各樣的面具來掩藏真我及驅逐痛苦。除此之外，掩藏真我也使他們活在虛假及破碎的人際關係中。
因為令人受創傷的社會標準是本論文研究重心之一，因此引用傅科關於標準制定的理論來分析在美國種族歧視論述和帶有種族岐視的偏差標準及規範下，如何透過家庭及社會機制來宰制黑人。另外，本論文亦引用心理學理論來研究有害的羞恥感是如何帶給非裔美國人心理創傷及創傷如何得以治癒。
在上述的兩本小說中，童妮摩里森所提出關於羞恥、創傷和醫治的觀點和心理學家們所論述大體上不謀而合。對摩里森而言，一旦種族歧視的論述及種族暴力被內化，它們就能毒害一個人的自我形象及人際關係。然而，就如同一些心理學家所認知的，摩里森也提出愛是有害羞恥感的唯一解藥。在她的小說中，摩里森揭示唯有無條件的愛可以醫治人因羞恥所受到的創傷。也唯有無條件的愛可以使人原本受創及破碎的自我得以修復、整合。復次，藉由同理和支持的行動，原本破碎的人際關係可以被重建。
在《最藍的眼睛》及《所羅門之歌》中，童妮摩里森創作出兩個社會階級迥異的黑人家庭：育愛(The Breedloves)及死人(The Deads)。雖然這兩個家庭各自為赤貧及富有，但都為內化的種族羞恥所苦害。這兩個家庭中的每個家族成員都和他們的真我失聯，也飽受親情、友情及愛情破裂之苦。此外，他們也和自己的社群斷絕。在《最藍的眼睛》中，主角琵可拉被雙親、同學及社區居民一致拒絕、羞辱及凌虐。在她的世界裡沒有愛，因此她不曾經歷治癒。然而《所羅門之歌》中的奶人因著愛而得治癒，在小說接近尾聲時，他已轉化為一個健全及能施愛與人的人。他甚至願意為了比拉多(他所愛的姑姑兼屬靈導師)而犧牲自己的性命。
本論文第一章簡要概述其論述之主題。第二章徹底探究有害之種族羞恥如何透過家庭及社會被非裔美人內化。第三章指在揭露內化的種族羞恥如何創傷黑人的心靈及其導致的惡果。第四章則提出唯有無條件的愛具有療癒之效。第五章為論文總結，除了重述論文重要論點，也闡述童妮摩里森的寫作技巧如何呼應本論文之主題。

以文找文

This dissertation aims at investigating how inter-racial and intra-racial shame traumatizes the souls of African-Americans in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Song of Solomon. Through family and society, racist discourses and racial violence leave toxic shame in the depth of black people’s heart. The internalized toxic shame not only destroys its victims’ psychological structures but also harms their human relationships. They are tormented by post-traumatic symptoms and shame-induced affects. They also suffer fragmentation of selfhood. Due to toxic shame, they cannot accept and love themselves as who they are. Their self-contempt and self-loathing are so unbearable that they create a variety of cover-ups to fend them off. Furthermore, since their true selves are sent into hiding, the victims suffer from an unauthentic existence as well as broken relationships.
Since traumatizing social norms are the focus of my study, I apply Foucault’s theories concerning normations to analyze how racist discourses and norms operate through family and society to dominate blacks in American society. Moreover, I turn to various psychological theories to study how internalized toxic shame traumatizes African-Americans and to find out how healing may occur.
Surprisingly, in the two novels mentioned above, Morrison proposes the same notions about shame, trauma and healing as those psychologists do. For Morrison, once the racist discourses or racial violence are internalized, they become toxic and brings demonic destructions to one’s selfhood as well as to one’s relationships. However, just as some psychologists’ belief, Morrison also proposes that love is the antidote for toxic shame. In her novels, Morrison reveals that only unconditional love can heal people of their traumatic shame and can integrate their traumatized and fragmented selfhood. Besides, through compassion and supportive actions, their dissociated relationships can be reconstructed.
The Breedloves and the Deads are the two major families under investigations in The Bluest Eye and Song of Solomon, respectively. Although they are on the two polars of social hierarchy, both black families suffer from internalized racial shame. Members from both families lose contact with their own true self, and they suffer from breached relationships with their family, friends and community. In The Bluest Eye, Pecola, the main character, has never experienced any healing in her life because love is completely absent in her world. She is rejected, shamed, and abused by her own parents, peers, and community members. Nevertheless, Milkman, the main character of Song of Solomon, gets healed by love. At the end of the novel, he is transformed to an integrated and loving individual. He is even willing to lay down his own life for his beloved aunt as well as his spiritual guide, Pilate.
The first chapter of my thesis is a brief introduction to its major themes. Then, how family and social shame are internalized by African Americans is thoroughly probed in Chapter Two. In Chapter Three, I reveal how internalized racial shame traumatizes African Americans and what the aftermaths of the shame-induced trauma are. Chapter Four mainly deals with healing, and I propose that unconditional love is the only cure for toxic shame. In Chapter Five, to conclude my dissertation, I not only restate my arguments, but also do demonstrate how Morrison’s writing techniques correspond to them.

以文找文

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