:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:Three Essays on Economics of Education
作者:呂雨龍
作者(外文):Lu, Yu-Lung
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:經濟學系
指導教授:林世昌
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:學習成就移民外籍配偶過重過輕身體質量指數傾向分數配對入學管道國立清華大學Academic performance;ImmigrantsForeign SpouseAcademic PerformanceOverweightUnderweight;National Tsing Hua University
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:0
三篇教育經濟相關之研究
論文摘要
本研究涵蓋台灣三個教育經濟的實證議題:『本國籍子女與外國籍配偶子女學習成就的探討:以台灣為例』;『性別差異對於體重與學習成就之研究:以台灣青少年為例』與『不同入學管道對於經濟系學生學習成就之影響:以清大經濟系為例』。以下為各篇摘要。
第一篇『本國籍子女與外國籍配偶子女學習成就的探討:以台灣為例』
近年來由於外籍配偶的大量增加,使得外籍配偶子女也跟著大幅增長,由於外籍配偶語言與文化上的差異,以及一般而言家庭社經地位相對較低的情況下,使得其下一代,也就是我們所稱之──新台灣之子是否表現較差的議題受到關心。本文利用『臺灣學生學習成就評量資料庫』,在控制個人基本特質與家庭社經地位後,這群新台灣之子在學業成績表現依舊較台灣籍配偶子女差。此外,在國文、英文、數學、社會與自然五個科目中,以國文、數學與英文三科表現相對較差。
研究中更進一步將外國籍配偶區分為東南亞籍與大陸籍,研究結果發現,東南亞籍配偶子女成績表現較差,此一原因可能為大陸籍配偶相較於東南亞籍配偶,在語言溝通上有其優勢,進而影響其子女的成績表現。其次,若是比較小學四年級與六年級,則發現年級愈高,新台灣之子表現相較於台灣籍配偶子女差異愈小,此一現象可能與新台灣之子逐漸適應學習環境有關。研究中更建議政府、學校應該對東南亞籍配偶,尤其是低年級的學生,提供更多課業上的協助與輔導。
第二篇『性別差異對於體重與學習成就之研究:以台灣青少年為例』
本文利用TEPS資料庫分析學生的體重(BMI)對於其學習成就之影響,本文將體重分為過重、過輕與適中三種類別,首先利用迴歸模型進行分析,其結果顯示體重類別與成績的關聯性不顯著,然而由於模型存在內生性問題(endogeneity problem),迴歸分析的結果可能有所偏誤。故本文利用propensity score matching的方法以解決內生性問題,其結果顯示過重與過輕的學生,其學習表現皆較體重適中的學生差。此外,在性別差異方面,男生過重與過輕皆會對其學習表現有負面的影響,且過輕的負面影響較大;但女生則有相反的結果,女生過重對其成績會有較大的負面影響,但過輕則負面影響不顯著。此一結果提供政府與學校面對體重影響成績的議題時,對於男女學生可能需要採取不同的策略以達到其政策效果。
第三篇『不同入學管道對於經濟系學生學習成就之影響:以清大經濟系為例』
多元入學自1994年施行後,對於此一政策是否達到當初預期的效果看法分歧,本文使用國立清華大學經濟系歷年資料,分析多元入學方案實施後,兩種入學管道(推薦甄選與考試分發)的學生在經濟系學科成績的表現差異,其結果顯示在經濟系核心科目(經濟學原理、總體經濟與個體經濟)上,透過推薦甄選管道入學的學生表現較佳,然而,在高年級選修科目(計量經濟、貨幣銀行與公共經濟)上,則兩群學生表現差異不顯著,此一結果可能是因為兩種管道學生互相學習影響,造成高年級之後的成績表現相似。此外,研究更發現學測考試中,英文、數學與社會三科成績高低對於學生未來在經濟系表現有顯著影響。對於其他科系,是否存在此一效果,為後續研究的議題。
關鍵字:學習成就;移民;外籍配偶;過重;過輕;身體質量指數;傾向分數配對;入學管道;國立清華大學。
This dissertation aims to deal with three issues on education of
economics in Taiwan: the educational achievement of pupils with
immigrant and native mothers, gender differences in the impact of
weight status on academic performance and assessment of admission
methods on academic performance for economics majors.
The introductions of three chapters are as follows.
In chapter 1, we take advantage of the Taiwan Assessment of Student Achievement
data set to empirically evaluate whether the test score differentials between
pupils with immigrant and native mothers are substantial across subjects,
grades and years. Our results show that there exist test score differentials
between the two groups after controlling for the students' individual
characteristics and family background. The Chinese, Math and English subjects
exhibit larger test score gaps relative to Science and Society. We also find
that the academic gaps between native students and pupils with mothers from
Southeast Asian countries tend to widen, while the students' performance is
about the same as that for native students if their mothers are from mainland
China, confirming that the language proficiency of immigrant mothers
significantly affects pupils' learning. Our empirical results may suggest that
remedial teaching (or an equivalent preferential policy) for the lower-grade
pupils with immigrant mothers might be required to create a fair environment
for learning, and such a policy should take the nationality of those foreign
mothers into account.
In chapter 2, we take advantage of the Taiwan Education Panel Survey data set to
empirically evaluate whether a student's academic performance, measured by his
or her test score, is affected by the body weight status of the student. We
show that a student's weight status has no impact on his or her academic
performance based on an OLS estimation; however, this result is likely to be
incorrect due to the potential endogeneity problem, and we further use the
propensity score matching method to address this issue. If the entire sample
is considered, we find that both overweight and underweight students perform
worse than students of normal weight. If we separate sample students into two
groups according to their gender, we obtain different results for the
different groups. While the male students tend to perform worse when they are
either underweight or overweight, the adverse effect on the academic
performance is larger for underweight students than for overweight students.
By contrast, the academic performance of a female student will be affected
only if she is overweight, but not if she is underweight. The policy
implication that the government or the schools should have different plans for
different gender groups can be drawn from our empirical finding.
In chapter 3, we adopt the data from the Department of
Economics at National Tsing Hua University to empirically evaluate
whether the academic performance differentials between
undergraduates with two broad entrance channels are significant
across subjects and grades. Our results show that there exist
academic performance differentials between the two groups in some
subjects after controlling for the students' individual
characteristics. The core subjects in economics, such as Economics
(I, II), Microeconomics (I, II) and Macroeconomics (I) exhibit
academic performance gaps. We also find that the academic gaps
between senior undergraduates with different admission methods tend
to decline or disappear. Our empirical results suggest the economics
department to recruit freshman by the College Admission through
Recommendation and Screening (CARS) channel in the sense that they
have a better performance on economics core courses.
[1] Baron, R., D. Tom and H. Cooper (1985): \Social Class, Race, and Teacher Ex-
pectations," In J. Dusek (Eds.), Teacher Expectancies, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[2] Bleakley, H. and A. Chin (2004): \Language Skills and Earnings: Evidence from
Childhood Immigrants," Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, 481{496.
[3] Caplan, N., J. K. Whitmore and M. H. Choy (1989): \The Boat People and Achieve-
ment in America," Ann Arbor MI: The University of Michigan Press.
[4] Capps, R., M. Fix, J. Ost, J. Reardon-Anderson and J. Passel (2004): \The Health
andWell-being of Young Children of Immigrants,"Washington DC: Urban Institute
Press.
[5] Campbell, J. M., C. M. Hombo and J. Mazzeo (2000): \NAEP 1999 Trends in
Academic Progress: Three Decades of Student Performance," NCES 2000469.
[6] Chen H. W., S. H. Yang, G. H. Li, H. F. He and X. C. Lan (2007): \Strate-
gies on Elementary School Life Adaption for Children With Immigrant Moth-
ers: An Empirical Study of Three Elementary Schools in Chiayi County," Na-
tional Academy for Educational Research, 363{396. The material can be found
at the following website: http://www.naer.edu.tw/mediafile/fdownload/369/
582/2007-8-24-13-52-56-582.pdf. (In Chinese)
[7] Chuang, H. L., N. Hsieh and E. S. Lin (2010): \Labour Market Activity of Foreign
Spouses in Taiwan: Employment Status and Choice of Employment Sector," Pacic
Economic Review, 15(4), 505{531.
[8] Cohen, Y. and Y. Haberfeld (2003): \Economic Assimilation among Children of
Israeli Immigrants in the US," International Migration, 41(4), 141{160.
[9] Coleman, J., E. Campbell, C. Hobson, J. McPartland, A. Mood, F. D. Weinfeld
and P. York (1996): \Equality of Educational Opportunity," Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Oce.
[10] Conger, D., A. E. Schwartz and L. Stiefel (2007): \Immigrant and Native-born
Dierences in School Stability and Special Education: Evidence from New York
City," International Migration Review, 41(2), 403{432.
[11] Cook, M. and W. Evans (2000): \Families or Schools? Explaining the Convergence
in White and Black Academic Performance," Journal of Labor Economics, 18(4),
729{754.
[12] Cosden, M., J. Zimmer, C. Reyes and M. del Rosario Gutierrez (1995): \Kinder-
garten Practices and First Grade Achievement for Latino Spanish-speaking, Latino
English-speaking and Anglo Students," Journal of School Psychology, 33, 123{141.
[13] Diego, M. A., T. M. Field and C. E. Sanders (2003): \Academic Performance,
Popularity, and Depression Predict Adolescent Substance Use," Adolescence, 38,
35{42.
[14] Dusek, J. B. (1975): \Do Teachers Bias Children's Learning?" Review of Educa-
tional Research, 45, 661{684.
[15] Ferguson, R. (2003): \Teachers' Perceptions and Expectations and the Black-White
Test Score Gap," Urban Education, 38(4), 460{507.
[16] Fernandez-Kelly, M. P. and R. Schauer (1994): \Divided Fates: Immigrant Chil-
dren in a Restructured U.S. Economy," International Migration Review, 28, 662{
689.
[17] Fryer, R. G. and S. D. Levitt (2004): \Understanding the Black-White Test Score
Gap in the First Two Years of School," Review of Economics and Statistics, 86,
551{560.
[18] Fryer, R. G. and S. D. Levitt (2006): \The Black-White Test Score Gap through
Third Grade," American Law and Economics Review, 8(2), 249{281.
[19] Gibson, M. A (1998): \Accommodation Without Assimilation: Sikh Immigrants in
an American High School," Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
[20] Glick, J. E. (2010): \Connecting Complex Processes: A Decade of Research on
Immigrant Families," Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 498{515.
[21] Grissmer, D., A. Flanagan and S. Williamson (1998): \Why Did the Black-White
Score Gap Narrow in the 1970's and 1980's?" In C. Jencks and M. Phillips (Eds.),
The Black-White Test Score Gap, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution,
182{228.
[22] Harker, K. (2001): \Immigrant Generation, Assimilation, and Adolescent Psycho-
logical Well-Being," Social Forces, 79(3), 969{1004.
[23] Hedges, L. V. and A. Nowell (1998): \Black-White Test Score Convergence Since
1965," In C. Jencks and M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White Test Score Gap,
Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 149{181.
[24] Hedges, L. V. and A. Nowell (1999): \Changes in the Black-White Gap in Achieve-
ment Test Scores," Sociology of Education, 72, 111{135.
[25] Hernandez, D. J. and E. Charney (1998): \From Generation to Generation: The
Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families," Washington DC: Na-
tional Academy Press.
[26] Humphreys, L. (1988): \Trends in Levels of Academic Achievement of Blacks and
Other Minorities," Intelligence, 12, 231{260.
[27] Jain, A. and J. Belsky (1997): \Fathering and Acculturation: Immigrant Indian
Families with Young Children," Journal of Marriage and Family, 59, 873{883.
[28] Jensen, J. M. (1997): \Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol and Other Drug
Use in Childhood and Adolescence," In M. W. Fraser (Eds.), Risk and Resilience
in Childhood: An Ecological Perspective, Washington, DC: NASW Press.
[29] Kao, G. (1999): \Psychological Well-Being and Educational Achievement among
Immigrant Youth. In Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public
Assistance," In D. J. Hernandez (Eds.), Washington, DC: National Academy Press,
410{477.
[30] Kao, G. and M. Tienda (1995): \Optimism and Achievement: The Educational
Performance of Immigrant Youth," Social Science Quarterly, 76(1), 1{19.
[31] Krueger, A. and D. Whitmore (2001): \Would Smaller Classes Help Close the
Black White Achievement Gap?" Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University,
working paper no. 451.
[32] Lareau, A. (1989): \Home Advantage: Social Class and Parental Intervention in
Elementary Education," London: Falmer Press.
[33] Leidy, M. S., R. D. Parke, S. Coltrane and S. Duy (2009): \Positive Marital
Quality, Acculturative Stress, and Child Outcomes Among Mexican Americans,"
Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 833{847.
[34] Lightfoot, S. (1978): \Worlds Apart: Relationships between Families and Schools,"
New York: Basic Books.
[35] Neal, D. A. (2005): \Why Has Black-White Skill Convergence Stopped?" NBER
Working Paper No. 11090.
[36] Nowell, A. and L. V. Hedges (1998): \Trends in Gender Dierences in Academic
Achievement from 1960{1994: An Analysis of Dierences in Mean, Variance, and
Extreme Scores," Sex Roles, 39, 21{43.
[37] Oh, S. and P. G. Min (2011): \Generation and Earnings Patterns Among Chinese,
Filipino, and Korean Americans in New York," International Migration Review, 45,
852{871.
[38] Penner, A. M. and M. Paret (2008): \Gender Dierences in Mathematics Achieve-
ment: Exploring the Early Grades and the Extremes," Social Science Research, 37,
239{253.
[39] Phillips, M., J. Crouse and J. Ralph (1998): \Does the Black-White Test Score
Gap Widen After Children Enter School?" In C. Jencks and M. Phillips (Eds.),
The Black-White Test Score Gap, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution,
229{272.
[40] Portes, A. and R. G. Rumbaut (2001): \Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant
Second Generation," Berkeley: University of California Press.
[41] Portes, A. and M. Zhou (1993): \The New Second Generation: Segmented Assim-
ilation and Its Variants,"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Sciences, 530, 74{96.
[42] Rong, X. L. and L. Grant (1992): \Ethnicity, Generation, and School Attainment
of Asians, Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites," The Sociological Quarterly, 33(4),
625{636.
[43] Rosenthal, A. S., K. Baker and A. Ginsburg (1983): \The Eect of Language
Background on Achievement and Learning among Elementary School Students,"
Sociology of Education, 56, 157{169.
[44] Rumbaut, R. G. (1997): \Assimilation and Its Discontents: Between Rhetoric and
Reality,"The International Migration Review, 31(4), 923{960.
[45] Schnepf, S. V. (2004): \How Dierent Are Immigrants? A Cross-Country and
Cross-Survey Analysis on Educational Achievement," Discussion Paper No. 1398.
[46] Schwartz, A. E. and L. Stiefel (2006): \Is There a Nativity Gap? New Evidence on
the Academic Performance of Immigrant Students," Education Finance and Policy,
1(1), 17{49.
[47] Stumpf, H. and J. C. Stanley (1996): \Gender{Related Dierences on the Col-
lege Board's Advanced Placement and Achievement Tests, 1982{1992," Journal of
Educational Psychology, 88, 353{364.
[48] Su, J. F. (2006): \The Comparison of Birth Rate between Native Taiwanese Female
Spouses and Immigrant Female Spouses: A Survey on the Relation between Low
Fertility and Immigrant Female Spouses in Taiwan," Inservice Education Bulletin,
23(5), 41{52. (In Chinese)
[49] Sutherland, I. and J. P. Shepherd (2001): \Social Dimensions of Adolescent Sub-
stance Use," Addiction, 96, 445{458.
[50] Tsai, S. L. and H. Y. Chiu (1993): \Educational Attainment in Taiwan: Compar-
isons of Ethnic Groups," Proceedings of the National Science Council, ROC Part
C: Humanities and Social Science, 3(2), 188{202.
[51] Van Amersfoort, J. M. M. (1974): \Immigratie en Minderheidsvorming, Een Anal-
yse van de Nederlandse Situatie 1945{1973," Dissertation, University of Amster-
dam, Alphen aan den Rijn, Samsom Uitgeverij.
[52] van Ours, J. C. and J. Veenman (2003): \The Educational Attainment of Second-
Generation Immigrants in the Netherlands," Journal of Population Economics,
16(4), 711{737.
[53] Waters, M. C. (1999): \Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and Amer-
ican Realities," New York: Russell Sage Foundation.




[1] Angrist, J. and S. Pischke (2008): \Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's
Companion," Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
[2] Averett, S. and S. Korenman (1996): \The Economic Reality of the Beauty Myth,"
Journal of Human Resources, 31(2), 304{330.
[3] Averett, S. L. and D. C. Stifel (2007): \Food for Thought: The Cognitive Ef-
fects of Childhood Malnutrition in the United States," Mimeo: Lafayette College
Department of Economics.
[4] Averett, S. L. and D. C. Stifel (2010): \Race and Gender Dierences in the Cog-
nitive Eects of Childhood Overweight," Applied Economics Letters, 17(3), 1673{
1679.
[5] Becker, S. O and A. Ichino (2002): \Estimation of Average Treatment Eects Based
on Propensity Scores," The Stata Journal, 2(4), 358{377.
[6] Caliendo, M. and S. Kopeinig (2008): \Some Practical Guidance for the Implemen-
tation of Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 31{72.
[7] Corish, C. A., P. Flood, S. Mulligan and N. P. Kennedy (2000): \Apparent Low
Frequency of Undernutrition in Dublin Hospital In-patients: Should We Review the
Anthropometric Thresholds for Clinical Practice?" British Journal of Nutrition, 84,
325{335.
[8] Crosnoe, R. and C. Muller (2004): \Body Mass Index, Adolescent Achievement,
and School Context: Examining the Educational Experiences of Adolescents at Risk
of Obesity," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 393{407.
[9] Datar, A. and R. Sturm (2006): \Childhood Overweight and Elementary School
Outcomes,"International Journal of Obesity, 30, 1449{1460.
[10] Datar, A., R. Sturm and J. L. Magnabosco (2004): \Childhood Overweight and
Academic Performance: National Study of Kindergartners and First-graders," Obe-
sity Research, 12(1), 58{68.
[11] Davison, K. K. and L. L. Birch (2001): \Childhood Overweight: A Contextual
Model and Recommendations for Future Research," Obesity Reviews, 2, 159{171.
[12] Dietz, W. H. (1998a): \Childhood Weight Aects Adult Morbidity and Mortality,"
The Journal of Nutrition, 128, 411{414.
[13] Dietz, W. H. (1998b): \Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Pre-
dictors of Adult Disease," Pediatrics, 101, 518{525.
[14] DiNardo, J. and J. Tobias (2001): Nonparametric Density and Regression Estima-
tion, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 11{28.
[15] Ding, W., S. F. Lehrer, J. N. Rosenquist and J. Audrain-McGovern (2009): \The
Impact of Poor Health on Academic Performance: New Evidence Using Genetic
Markers," Journal of Health Economics, 28(3), 578{597.
[16] Eide, E. R., M. H. Showalter and D. D. Goldhaber (2010): \The Relation Be-
tween Children's Health and Academic Achievement," Children and Youth Services
Review, 32(2), 231{238.
[17] Eisenberg, M. E., D. Neumark-Sztainer and M. Story (2003): \Associations of
Weight-based Teasing and Emotional Well-being among Adolescents" Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 733{738.
[18] Elia, M. and R. J. Stratton (2000): \Invited Commentary: How Much Undernutri-
tion Is There in Hospitals?" British Journal of Nutrition 84, 257{259.
[19] Erickson, S. J., T. N. Robinson, F. Haydel and J. Killen (2000): \Are Overweight
Children Unhappy? Body Mass Index, Depressive Symptoms, and Overweight Con-
cerns in Elementary School Children," Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 154, 931{935.
[20] Fryar, C. D. and C. L. Ogden (2010): \Prevalence of Underweight Among Children
and Adolescents: United States, 2007-2008," National Center for Health Statistics.
The material can be found at the following website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
data/hestat/underweight_child_07_08/underweight_child_07_08.pdf.
[21] French, S. A, M. Story and C. L. Perry (1995): \Self-esteem and Obesity in Children
and Adolescents: A Literature Review," Obesity Reviews, 3, 479{490.
[22] Garcia, J. and C. Quintana-Domeque (2007): \Obesity, Employment, and Wages in
Europe,"Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 17, 187{217.
[23] Gortmaker, S. L, A. Must, J. M. Perrin, A. M. Sobol and W. H. Dietz (1993): \So-
cial and Economic Consequences of Overweight in Adolescence and Young Child-
hood," New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1008{1012.
[24] Hayden-Wade, H. A., R. I. Stein, A. Ghaderi, B. E. Saelens, M. F. Zabinski and D.
E. Wil
ey (2005): \Prevalence, Characteristics, and Correlates of Teasing Expe-
riences among Overweight Children vs. Non-overweight Peers," Obesity Research,
13(8), 1381{1392.
[25] Hanson, T. L., G. Austin and J. Lee-Bayha (2004): \Ensuring that no Child is Left
Behind: How Are Student Health Risks and Resilience Related to the Academic
Progress of Schools?" San Francisco, CA: West Ed.
[26] Holland, P. W. (1986): \Statistics and Causal Inference,\Journal of the American
Statistical Association, 81(396), 945{960.
[27] Imbens, G. (2004): \Nonparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Eects under
Exogeneity: A Review," Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1), 4{29.
[28] Jalongo, M. R. (1999): \Matters of Size: Obesity as a Diversity Issue in the Field
of Early Childhood," Early Childhood Education Journal, 27(2), 95{103.
[29] Kaestner, R. and M. Grossman (2010): \Eects of Weight on Children's Educa-
tional Achievement," Economics of Education Review, 28(6), 651{661.
[30] Kaplan, S. L., J. Busner and S. Pollack (1988): \Perceived Weight, Actual Weight
and Depressive Symptoms in a General Adolescent Sample," International Journal
of Eating Disorders, 7, 107{113.
[31] Karp, R., R. Martin, T. Sewell, J. Manni and A. Heller (2003): \Growth and
Academic Achievement in Inner-city Kindergarten Children," Clinical Pediatrics,
31, 336-340.
[32] Kristjansson, A. L., I. D. Sigfusdottir and J. P. Allegrante (2010): \Health Behav-
ior and Academic Achievement among Adolescents: The Relative Contribution of
Dietary Habits, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Self-Esteem," Health and
Education Behavior, 37(1), 51{64.
[33] Lazzeri, G., S. Rossi, A. Pammolli, V. Pilato, T. Pozzi and M. V. Giacchi (2008):
\Underweight and Overweight among Children and Adolescents in Tuscany (Italy).
Prevalence and Short-term Trends," Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene,
49(1), 13{21.
[34] Lechner, M. (1999): \Earnings and Employment Eects of Continuous O-The-Job
Training in East Germany after Unication," Journal of Business and Economic
Statistics, 17(1), 74{90.
[35] Luder, E., T. A. Melnik and M. DiMaio (1998): \Association of Being Overweight
with Greater Asthma Symptoms in Inner City Black and Hispanic Children," Jour-
nal of Pediatrics, 132(4), 699{703.
[36] McWhirter J. P. and C. R. Pennington (1994): \Incidence and Recognition of
Malnutrition in Hospital," British Medical Journal, 308, 945{948.
[37] Must, A, P. F. Jacques, G. E. Dallal, C. J. Bajema and W. H. Dietz (1992):
\Long-term Morbidity and Mortality of Overweight Adolescents. A Follow-up of
the Harvard Growth Study of 1922{1935," New England Journal of Medicine, 327,
1350{1355.
[38] Nead, K. G., J. S. Halterman, J. M. Kaczorowski, P. Auinger and M. Weitzman
(2004): \Overweight Children and Adolescents: A Risk Group for Iron Deciency,"
Pediatrics, 114(1), 104{108.
[39] Pagan, A. and A. Ullah (1999): Nonparametric Econometrics, Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press.
[40] Rosenbaum, P. R. and D. B. Rubin (1983): \The Central Role of the Propensity
Score in Observational Studies for Causal Eects," Biometrika, 70(1), 41{55.
[41] Sabia, J. J. (2007): \The Eect of Body Weight on Adolescent Academic Perfor-
mance," Southern Economic Journal, 73(4), 871{900.
[42] Sargent, J. D. and D. G. Blanch
ower (1994): \Obesity and Stature in Adolescence
and Earnings in Young Adulthood: Analysis of a British Birth Cohort," Archives
of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 148, 681{687.
[43] Schenker, S. (2003): \Undernutrition in the UK," British Nutrition Foundation
Nutrition Bulletin, 28, 87{120.
[44] Schwartz, M. B. and R. Puhl (2003): \Childhood Obesity: A Social Problem to
Solve," Obesity Reviews, 4, 57{70.
[45] Smith, J. and P. Todd (2005): \Does Matching Overcome LaLonde's Critique of
Nonexperimental Estimators?" Journal of Econometrics, 125(1{2), 305{353.
[46] Sousa, S. (2005): \Does Size Matter? A Propensity Score Approach to the Eect of
BMI on Labour Market Outcomes," unpublished manuscript, European University
Institute and University of Minho.
[47] Strauss, R. S. (2000): \Childhood Obesity and Self-esteem," Pediatrics, 105, e15.
[48] Strauss, R. S and H. A. Pollack (2003): \Social Marginalization of Overweight
Children," Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 157, 746{752.
[49] Tallmadge, G. K. (1976): \NCEs: ESEA Title I Evaluation and Reporting System,"
Technical Paper No. 2., Mountain View, CA: RMC Research Corporation.
[50] Taras, H. (2005): \Nutrition and Student Performance in School," Journal of School
Health, 75(6), 199{213.
[51] Thompson, J.K. and M. N. Altabe (1991): \Psychometric Qualities of the Figure
Rating Scale," International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1991, 610{615.
[52] Tremblay, M. S., J. W. Inman and D. Williams (2000): \The Relationship between
Physical Activity, Self-esteem, and Academic Achievement in 12-year-old Children,"
Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 312{323.
[53] Wendt, M. and J. Kinsey (2009): \Childhood overweight and school outcomes,"
Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual
Meeting, Milwaukee.
[54] Zavodny, M. (2013): \Does Weight Aect Children's Test Scores and Teacher As-
sessments Dierently?" Economics of Education Review, 34, 135{145.



[1] Athey, S., L. F. Katz, A. B. Krueger, S. Levitt and J. Poterba (2007): \What
Does Performance in Graduate School Predict? Graduate Economics Education
and Student Outcomes," American Economic Review, 97(2), 512{518.
[2] Becker, S. O. and A. Ichino (2002): \Estimation of Average Treatment Eects
Based on Propensity Scores," The Stata Journal, 2(4), 358{377.
[3] Burton, N. W. and L. Ramist (2001): \Predicting Success in College: SAT Studies
of Classes Graduating since 1980" (Research Report 2001-2). New York: College
Entrance Examination Board.
[4] Chen, I. J. and C. W. Li (2000): \The Relationship between Multi-route Promotion
Program and Academic Performance, " Journal of technology 15(3). in Chinese.
[5] Chang, D. F., L. C. Yeh and I. H. Chang (2005): \The Multiple Entrance Programs
for the Universities and Their Impacts on the Equality of Opportunities" Educa-
tional Policy Forum, 8(2). in Chinese. http://www.epa.ncnu.edu.tw/forum/
[6] Denissen, J., N. Zarrett, and J. Eccles (2007): \I Like to Do It, I Am Able, and
I Know I Am: Longitudinal Coupling between Domain-Specic Achievement, Self-
Concept, and Interest," Child Development, 78(2), 430{447.
[7] Durden, G. C., and L. V. Ellis (1995): \The Eects of Attendance on Student
Learning in Principles of Economics," American Economic Review Papers and Pro-
ceedings, 85:343-6.
[8] Eccles (Parsons), J., T. F. Adler, R. Futterman, S. B. Go, C. M. Kaczala, J. L.
Meece and C. Midgley (1983): \Expectancies, Values, and Academic Behaviors,"
In J. T. Spence (Eds.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75-146). San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
[9] Eccles, J. S. and A. Wigeld (2002): \Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals,"
Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132.
[10] Highsmith, R. (1987): \The Research Core of Economic Education," Theory and
Practice, Development Economic Literacy, 26, 216{22.
[11] Jen, C. W. and G. J. Chang (1996): \The 1995 Panel Study of College Admission
through Recommendation and Screening," College Entrance Examination Center.
in Chinese.
[12] Kennedy, P. E., and J. J. Siegfried (1997): \Class Size and Achievement in Intro-
ductory Economics: Evidence from the TUCE III data," Economics of Education
Review 16, 385{394.
[13] Ministry of Education (2005): \Education in The Republic of China 2005" http:
//english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=580&ctNode=814&mp=1
[14] Rhine, S. L. W. (1989): \The Eect of State Mandates on Student Performance,"
American Economic Review 79, 231{35.
[15] Rosenbaum, P.R., and D.B. Rubin (1983): \The Central Role of the Propensity
Score in Observational Studies for Causal Eects," Biometrika, 70(1), 41{55.
[16] Sainz, M. and J. Eccles (2012): \Self-Concept of Computer and Math Ability:
Gender Implications across Time and Within ICT Studies," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 80, 486{499.
[17] Schunk, D. H., P. R. Pintrich and J. L. Meece (2008): \Motivation in Education:
Theory, Research, and Applications (3rd ed.)," Upper Saddle River: NJ: Pearson
Education.
[18] Shimahara, N.K. (1985): \Japanese Education and its Implications for U.S. Edu-
cation," Phi Delta Kappan, 66: 418{421.
[19] Siegfried, J. and R. Fels (1979): \Research on Teaching College Economics: A
Survey. Journal of Economic Literature," 17(September), 923-69.
[20] Tao, H. L., C. Y. Chen and C. H. Lin (2001): \Participation of Colleges in the
Recommendation and Screening Admission Process," Educational Research & In-
formation , 9(5), 41{55.
[21] Tien, H. H and F. F. Tien (2008): \Student Characteristics and Their Choices
of College Entrance Channels," Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy,20(4),
481{511.
[22] Wilson, K. M. (1983): \A Review of Research on the Prediction of Academic Per-
formance After the Freshman Year" (College Board Report No. 83-2), New York:
College Board.
[23] Wang, K (2000): \The Relationship between Multi-route Promotion Program and
Academic Performance," China University of Technology Journal, 22, 67{79
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top