:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:新產品開發專案模糊性與專案績效關係之研究-知識分享與領導能力之干擾效果
作者:簡定華
作者(外文):Ting-Hua Chien
校院名稱:國立雲林科技大學
系所名稱:企業管理系博士班
指導教授:陳志遠
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:新產品開發模糊性知識分享領導人能力專案績效調節效果New product developmentfuzzinessknowledge sharingproject performanceleader competencymoderating effect
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:1
開發新的產品範疇,已成為當今企業,因應密集的全球化競爭,獲取競爭優勢的最大利器;亦是其持續存活,達到成功目標的關鍵策略活動之一。由於新產品開發的前端過程中,具有模糊的特性,其因屬動態與不確定性,致難以用單一的概念,去加以敘述分析,因此,研究學者較難去蒐集到完整的資訊,進而得到一般化之結果。雖然新產品開發前端活動的背景,已被研究者們強調是有效的產品發展的關鍵(Cooper, Edgett &; Kleinschmidt, 2004; Verworn, 2009),惟由於概念化仍未完全,致使得前端模糊迄今仍難以被理解、評估與管理(Chang, Chen &; Wey, 2007)。
為了完整呈現新產品開發前端模糊性,對專案績效的影響,連接與補充先前的研究缺口與不足,本研究以台灣某國防科技研發機構為對象,先藉由一般新產品發展相關文獻的彙整及歸納,提出一個明確、可衡量的新產品開發模糊性之內涵與定義。之後,探討並找出模糊性對專案績效的正向影響因素;再來,為補足以往的研究,都只把模糊性當成影響績效的調節因子的侷限,本研究除將新產品開發模糊性與專案績效進行直接聯結的實證外,也試圖透過專案團隊成員間的知識分享與專案領導人能力之調節作用,期使企業能從中獲得更有效的新產品開發模糊前端的管理概念,提升相關新產品開發與管理的整體績效。
本研究的實證研究發現:
一、「技術不確定性」、「技術複雜性」、「組織複雜性」、「環境複雜性」等四個模糊 性層面,都對專案績效中的「產品效率」層面,有負向影響。
二、「技術不確定性」、「技術複雜性」、「組織不確定性」、「環境不確定性」與「環境複雜性」等五個模糊性層面,對於專案績效中的「創新效益」層面的影響,則是正向。
三、「領導人的能力」對「專案績效」中的「產品效率」層面,有正向影響;但對「創新效益」層面的影響,則是負向;另其不論對「技術不確定性」或「技術複雜性」與「產品效率」或「創新效益」之間的效應,均沒有調節作用。
四、「知識分享」對「專案績效」中「產品效率」層面的影響,並未顯著;惟對「創新效益」層面,卻有正向的影響;另就「技術複雜性」影響「產品效率」的層面來說,「知識分享」有負向的調節作用,但對「創新效益」層面,調節作用則是正向的;而就「技術不確定性」影響「產品效率」的層面來說,「知識分享」沒有調節作用,但對「創新效益」的層面來說,卻有負向的調節效果。
New product development has become the best weapon for enterprises to gain competitive advantage in response to intense global competition and also is one of the key strategy activitiesto survive continuously and achieve success. Since imbued with fuzziness, dynamics and uncertainty in the front-end development, it is difficult todescribeor analyze the new products by single concept. Therefore, it is difficult for researchers to gather complete information, and then gain generalized results. Although the backgrounds of front-end activities in new product development has been regarded by researchers as the key to effective product development (Cooper , Edgett &; Kleinschmidt, 2004; Verworn, 2009), front-end fuzziness is caused and so far difficult to be understood, assessed and managed (Chang, Chen &; Wey, 2007) due to the incomplete conceptualization.
In order to completely present the impact of front-end fuzziness of new product development on project performance and to connect and supplement previous research gaps and shortcomings, this study takes a national defense science and technology research and development institution in Taiwan as object, which first presents the meaning and definition of a clear, measurable new product development fuzziness by collecting and summarizing the literature relating to general new product development, and then explores and identifies the positive impact factors of fuzziness on project performance. Taking fuzziness as the limitation of the moderator to affect performance to complement previous studies, the study not only conducts the empirical study of directly linking new product development fuzziness with project performance, but also studies the moderating effects of the knowledge sharing among project team members and project leader’s competency , hoping that enterprises could obtain more efficient management concepts of new product development fuzzy front-end and improve the overall performance of the relevant new products development and management.
The findings of this empirical study are as follows:
1. Four of the six dimensions of NPD FEF, namely “Technical Uncertainty”, “Technical Complexity”, “Organizational Complexity” and “Environmental Complexity” negatively affect “Product Efficiency”, which is one of the dimensions of “Project Performance”.
2. Five of the six dimensions of NPD FEF, namely “Technical Uncertainty”, “Technical Complexity”, “Organizational Uncertainty”, “Environmental Uncertainty” and “Environmental Complexity” positively affect “Innovation Effectiveness”, which is the other one of the dimensions of “Project Performance”.
3. “Leader Competency” positively affects “Product Efficiency”, but negatively affects “Innovation Effectiveness”; and there is no moderating effect of “Leader Competency” between the relationsip of “Technical Fuziness” and “Project Performance”.
4. “Knowledge Sharing” unapparently affects “Product Efficiency” , but positively affects “Innovation Effectiveness”; and there is a negative moderating effect of “Knowledge Sharing” between the relationship of “Technical Complexity” and“Product Efficiency”. As for the relationship between “Technical Complexity” and “Innovation Effectiveness”, we found “Knowledge Sharing” is a negative moderator. We also found that there is no moderating effect of “Knowledge Sharing” between the relationship of “Technical Uuncertainty” and “Product Efficiency”, but as for the relationship between “Technical Uncertainty” and“Innovation Effectiveness” , “Knowledge Sharing” is a negative moderator.
1.Abernathy, W. J. &; Clark, K. B. (1985),” Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction”, Research Policy, 143-122.

2.Adams, T. C. &; Keim, M. C. (2000),” Leadership practices and effectiveness among Greek studentleaders”, College Student Journal, 34, 2, 259-270.

3.Adler, P. S. &; Kwon, S. (2002),” Social capital: Prospects for a new concept”, Academy of Management Review, 27, 1, 17-40.

4.Aken, J. E. V. &; Nagel A. P. (2004),” Organizing and managing the fuzzy front end of new product development”, Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies Working Paper.

5.Akgun, A. E., Byrne, J., Keskin, H., Lynn, G. S. &; Imamoglu, S. Z. (2005), “ Knowledge networks in new product development projects: a transactive memory perspective”, Informationand Management, 42, 1105-1120.

6.Alavi, M. &; Leidner, D. (2001),“ Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues”, MIS Quarterly, 25, 1, 107-136.

7.Ali, A. (2000),” The Impact of Innovativeness and Development Time on New Product Performance for Small Firms”, Marketing Letters, 1, 2, 151-163.

8.Ali, A., Kapfel, R. Jr. &; LaBahn, D. (1995),” Product innovativeness and entry strategy: impact on cycle time and break-even time”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12, 54-69.

9.Alice, M. (2010),” Leadership in a network of communities: a phenomenographic study”, The Learning Organization, 17, 1, 24-40.

10.Alimo-Metcalfe, B. &; Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2005),“ Leadership: time for a new direction?”, Leadership, 1, 51-71.

11.Alves, J., Marques, M. J., Saur, I. &; Marques, P. (2005),” Building Creative Ideas for Successful New Product Development”, ECCI 9th Conference, Lodz, Polonia.

12.Ancona, D. C. &; Caldwell, D. F. (1992),” Demography and Design: Predictors of New Product Team Performance”, Organization Science, 3, 321-341.

13.Anderson, J. (1992),” On the ethics of research in a socially constructed reality”, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 36, 3, 313-339.

14.Anderson, J. C. &; Gerbing, D. W. (1988),” Structural equation modeling inpractice: a review and recommended two-step approach”, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 3, 411-423.

15.Ansoff, H. I. (1979),” Strategic Management”, The McMillanPress, Ltd.: London.

16.Appleyard, M. M.(1996),” How does knowledge flow? Inter-firm patterns in the semiconductor industry”, Strategic Management Journal, 17,137-154.

17.Artail, H. A.(2006),“ Application of K Mmeasures to the impact of a specialized group ware system on corporate productivity and operations”, Journal of Information and Management, 43, 551-64.

18.Atuahene-Gima, K. (1995),” An exploratory analysis of the impact of market orientation on new product performance: a contingency approach”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12, 4, 275-293.

19.Avery, G. C.(2006), Understanding Leadership, Sage, London.

20.Avolio, B. J. &; Jung, D. I. (1999),” Effect of leadership style and followers’ cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions”, Academy of Management Journal, 42, 2, 231-272.

21.Axel, J. (1995), New Product Development: Managing and forecasting for strategic success , Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Hoboken, United Kingdom.

22.Baccarini, D. (1996),”The concept of project complexity review”, International Journal of Project Management, 14, 201-204.

23.Backman, M., Borjesson, S. &; Setterberg, S. (2007),” Working with concepts in the fuzzy front end: Exploring the context for innovation for different types of concepts at Volvo Cars”, R&;D Management, 38, 1, 17-28.

24.Bagozzi, R. P. &; Yi, Y. (1988),” On the evaluation of structural equation models”,∥Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 1, 74-94.

25.Balbontin, A., Yazdani, B., Cooper, R. G. &; Souder, W. E. (1999),” New product development success factors in American and British firms”, International Journal of Technology Management, 3, 259-280.

26.Baldwin, C. Y. &; Clark, K. B. (1997),“ Managing in the age of modularity”, Harvard BusinessReview, 75, 5, 84-93.

27.Banbury, C. M. &; Mitchell, W. (1995),” The effect of introducing important incremental innovations on market share and business survival”, Strategic Management Journal, 16, 161-182.

28.Barczak, G. &; Wilemon, D. (1989),” Leadership Differences in New Product Development Teams”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 6, 259-267.

29.Barczak, G. &; Wilemon, D. (1992),” Successful New Product Team Leaders”, Industrial Marketing Management, 21, 1, 61-68.

30.Barki, H., Rivard, S. &; Talbot, J. (1993),” Toward an assessment of software development risk”, Journal of Management Information Systems, 10, 2, 203-225.

31.Barney, J. B. (1991),” Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.

32.Beckhard, R., Hesselbein, F. &; Goldsmith, M. (Eds.) (1996), The leader of the future by the Drucker Foundation, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

33.Bennis, W. &; Goldsmith, J. (1997), Learning to lead: A workbook on becoming a leader,Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

34.Bennis, W. (2003), On becoming a leader, New York: Basic Books.

35.Bennis, W., Spreitzer, G. M. &; Cummings, T. G. (2001), The future of leadership: Today’s top leadership thinkers speak to tomorrow’s leaders, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

36.Bhaskaran, G. &; Ramachandran (2011), Managing Product Transitions under Technology Uncertainty, Working Paper.

37.Bhattacharya, S., Krishnan, V. &; Mahajan, V. (1998),” Managing New Product Definition in Highly Dynamic Environments”, Management Science , 44, 11, 50-64.

38.Bierly, P. E. &; Daly, P. S. (2007),” Alternative knowledge strategies, competitive environment, and organizational performance in small manufacturing firms”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 493-516.

39.Bittel, L. R. &; Ramsey, J. E. (1983),” New dimensions for supervisory training and development”, Training &; Development Journal, 37, 3, 12-20.

40.Blau, P. M. (1972),” Interdependence and hierarchy in organizations”, Social Science Research, 1, 1-24.

41.Boer, N. I. &; Berrends, H. (2003),” The relational dimension of knowledge sharing: An empirical study of an industrial research group”, Paperp resented at the 4th European Conference on Organizational Knowledge, Learning, and Capabilities, IESE, Barcelona, April, 13-14.

42.Boer, N. I., Baalen, P.J. &; Kumar, K. (2002),” The implications of different models of social relations for understanding knowledge sharing,”Paper presented at the 3rd Europeanss Conference on Organizational Knowledge, Learning, and Capabilities, ALBA, Athens, April, 3-4.

43.Bohn, R.(2000),” Stop fighting fires”, Harvard Business Review, 78, 83-91.

44.Bonner, J. M., Ruekert, R. W. &; Walker, O. C. Jr. (2002),” Upper management control of new product development projects and project performance”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19, 3, 233-245.

45.Booz, Allen &; Hamilton (1982), New Product Management for the 1980s, New York.

46.Bosch-Rekveldt, M. G. C. &; Mooi, H. G. (2008), Research into Project Complexity Classification Methods, IPMA 22nd World Congress, 104-108, Animp ServiziSrl, Rome.

47.Bosch-Rekveldt, M., Jongkind, Y., Mooi, H., Bakker, H. &; Verbraeck, A. (2011),” Grasping project complexity in large engineering projects: The TOE (Technical, Organizational and Environmental) framework”, International Journal of Project Management, 29, 6 , 728-739.

48.Bowles, A. &; Bowles, N. B. (2000),” A comparative study of transformational leadership in nursing development units and conventional clinical settings”, Journal of Nursing Management, 8, 2, 37-48.

49.Brem, A. &; Voigt, K. I. (2009),” Integration of market pull and technology push in the corporate frontend and innovation management—Insights from the German software industry”, Technovation, 29, 5, 351-367.

50.Brown, A., Soutar, G. A. &; Huang, X. (2004),” Measuring New Product Success: An Empirical Investigation of Australian SMEs”, Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 2, 117-23

51.Brown, J. S. &; Duguid, P. (2001),” Knowledge and organizations: Asocial- practice perspective”, Organization Science, 12, 198-213.

52.Brown, S. L. &; Eisenhardt, K. M. (1995),” Product development: pastresearch, present findings and future directions”, Academy of Management Review, 20, 2, 343-378.

53.Bruijn, D., Baats, E., Zechner, U., Leeuw, B., Balemans, M., Weghuis, O. D., Hiring-Folz, U. &; Kessel, G. A. (1996),” Isolation and characterization of the mouse homologue of SYT, a gene implicated in the development of human synovial sarcoma”, Oncogene, 13, 643-648

54.Brun E., Saetre A. S. &; Gjelsvik M. (2009),” European Journal of Innovation Management”, 12, 1, 62-85.

55.Brusoni, S. &; Prencipe, A. (2001),” Managing knowledgein loosely coupled networks: Exploring the links between product and knowledge dynamics”, Journal of Management Studies, 38, 7, 1019-1035.

56.Bstieler, L. &; Gross, C. (2003),” Measuring the effect of environmental uncertainty on process activities, project team characteristics, and new product success”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 18, 2, 146-161.

57.Bstieler, L. (2005),” The moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on new product development and time efficiency”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22, 3, 267-284.

58.Bubshait, K. A. &; Selen, W. J. (2003),” Project characteristics that influence the implementation of project management techniques: a survey”, Project Management Journal, 13, 2, 43-46

59.Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L. &; Kendall, L. (2006),” Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 6, 1189-1207.

60.Burns, T. &; Starker, G. M. (1961), The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock.

61.Byham, W. C., Smith, A. B. &; Paese, M. J. (2002), Grow your own leaders. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

62.Calantone, R. J. Schmidt, J. B. &; Song, M. X. (1996),” Controllable factors of new product success: A cross-national comparison”, Marketing Science, 15, 4, 341-358.

63.Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S. T. &; Zhao, Y. (2002), “ Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance”, Industrial Marketing Management, 31, 6, 515-24.

64.Carbonell, P. &; Rodrı′guez-Escudero, A. I. (2006),” The impact of market characteristics and innovation speed on perceptions of positional advantage and new product performance”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23, 1, 1-12.

65.Carbonell, P. &; Rodrı′guez-Escudero, A. I. (2009),” Relationships among team’s organizational context, innovation speed, and technological uncertainty: An empirical analysis”, J. Eng. Technol. Manage, 26, 28-45

66.Carlile, P. (2002),” A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development”, Organization Science, 13, 442-455.

67.Carroll, S. J., &; Schneier, C. E. (1982), Performance appraisal and review systems, Optimum Department of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada.

68.Chang, S. L., Chen, C. Y. &; Wey, S. C. (2007),” Conceptualizing, assessing, and managing front-end fuzziness in innovation/NPD projects”, R&;D management, 37, 5, 469-478.

69.Chen, C. H., Chang, Y. Y. &; Lin, M. J. (2010),” The performance impact of post- M&;A inter departmental integration: An empirical analysis”, Industrial Marketing Management, 39, 7, 1150-1161.

70.Chen, J., Reilly, R. R. &; Lynn, G. S. (2005),” The impacts of speed-to-market on new product success: The moderating effects of uncertainty”, IEEE Transactionson Engineering Management, 52, 2, 199-212.

71.Chen, J., Reilly, R. R. &; Lynn, G. S. (2009),” New Product Development Speed: Too Much of a Good Thing?”, Working Paper.

72.Chen, W. L., Manjit S. S. &; Jain, K. K. (2009),” Knowledge sharing in an American multinational company based in Malaysia”, Journal of Workplace Learning, 21 , 2, 125-142.

73.Chia, R. (2003),” From knowledge-creation to the perfecting of action: Tao, Basho and pure experience as the ultimate ground of knowing”, Human Relation, 56, 8, 953-981.

74.Child, J. (1972),” Organization structure and strategies of control: a replication of the Aston study”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 163-177.

75.Chiok, F. L. J. (2001),” Leadership behaviors: Effects on job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment”, Journal of Nursing Management, 9, 4, 437-448.

76.Choo, C. &; Bontis, N. (2002),”The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge”, Oxford,UK: Oxford University Press.

77.Christensen, C. M. (1997),” The Innovators Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail”, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.

78.Christensen, C., Verlinden, M. &; Westerman, G. (2002),“ Disruption, Disintegration and the Dissipation of Differentiability”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 5, 955-975.

79.Chua, A. L. &; Pan, S. L. (2006),“ Knowledge transfer and organizational learning in IS off shore sourcing”, The International Journal of Management Science, 36, 267-281.

80.CIOB (Chartered Institute of Building) (1991), “ Procurement and Project Performance“, Occasional Paper, 45. CIOB, Ascot, England.

81.Clark, K. B. &; Fujimoto, T. (1991),” Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization and Management in the World Auto Industry”, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.

82.Cloke, K. &; Goldsmith, J. (2002), The end of management and the rise of organizational democracy, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

83.Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences(2nd ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

84.Cooper, R. G. &; Edgett, S. J. (2008),” Maximizing Productivity in Product Innovation”, Research Technology Management, 2, 47-58.

85.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1986),” An investigation into new product process: steps, deficiencies and impact”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3, 2, 71-85.

86.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1987),” Success Factors In Product Innovation”, Industrial Marketing Management, 16, 215-223.

87.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1993a),” Major New Products: What Distinguishes the Winners in the Chemical Industry?”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 10, 2, 90-111.

88.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1993b),”New Product Success in the Chemical Industry”, Industrial Marketing Management, 22, 2, 85-100.

89.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1994),” Determinants of timelines in product development”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11, 5, 381-397.

90.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1995),” Banchmarking the firm’s critical success factors in new product development”, Journal of Innovation Management, 12, 5, 374-391.

91.Cooper, R. G. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1996),” Winning business in product development: the critical success factors”, Research-Technology Management, 39, 18-29.

92.Cooper, R. G. (1988), “ Predevelopment activities determine new product success”, Industrial Marketing Management, 17, 237-48.

93.Cooper, R. G. (1996), “ Over hauling the new product process”, Industrial Marketing Management, 25, 6, 465-82.

94.Cooper, R. G. (1998), Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch (2ded.), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.

95.Cooper, R. G.,Edgett, S. J. &; Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2004),” Benchmarking best NPD Practices-I”, Research-Technology Management, 47, 1, 31-43.

96.Craighead, C. W., Hult, G. T. M. &; Ketchen, Jr., D. J. (2009),” The effects of innovation–cost strategy, knowledge, and action in the supply chain on firm performance”, Journal of Operations Management, 27, 5, 405-421.

97.Crawford, C. M. (1994), New product management, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin

98.Cummings, J. (2004) “ Work Groups, Structural Diversity, and Knowledge Sharing in a Global Organization,” Management Science, 50, 3, 352-364.

99.Curtis, B., Krasner, M. I. &; Iscoe, N. (1988),“ A field study of the software design process for large systems”, Commun. ACM, 31, 11, 1268-1287.

100.Daft, R. L. &; Lengel, R. H. (1986),” Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design”, Management Science, 32, 5, 554-571.

101.Dahl, D. W. &; Moreau, P. (2002),” The influence and value of analogical thinking during new product ideation”, Journal of Marketing Research, 39, 1, 47-60.

102.Dainty, A. R. J., Cheng, M. &; Moore, D. R. (2004),“ Acompetency-based performance model for construction project managers”, Construction Management and Economics, 22, 877-886.

103.Darroch, J. &; McNaughton, R. (2002),“ Examining the link between knowledge management practices and type of innovation”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 13, 3, 210-222.

104.Davenport, T. H. &; Klahr, P. (1998),” Managing customer support knowledge”, California Management Review, 40, 195-208.

105.Davenport, T. H. &; Prusak, L. (1998),” Working Knowledge: How organizations manage what they know”, Harvard Business School Press.

106.Davila, A. (2003),” Short-term economic incentives in new product development”, Research Policy, 32, 1397-1420.

107.Davila, T., Epstein, M. J. &; Shelton, R. (2006), Making Innovation Work: How to Manageit, Measure it, and Profit from it, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

108.Dayan, M. (2010),“ Managerial trust and NPD team performance: team commitment and long evity as mediators”, Journal of Business &; Industrial Marketing, 25, 2, 94-105

109.Denis, J. L., Lamothe, L. &; Langley, A. (2001),“ The dynamics of collective leadership and strategic change in pluralistic organizations”, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 4, 809-837.

110.DePree, M. (1989), Leadership is an art, New York: Dell.

111.Dering, N. Z. (1998),” Leadership in quality or ganizations”, Journal for Quality and Participation, 21, 1, 32-35.

112.Dess, G. G. &; Beard, D. W. (1984),” Dimensions of organizational task environments”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 52-73.

113.Ditillo, A. (2004),” Dealing with uncertainty in knowledge-intensive firms: the role of management control systems as knowledge integration mechanisms. Accounting”, Organizations and Society, 29, 401-421.

114.Dombkins, D. (2008),” The integration of project management and systems thinking”, Project Perspectives 2008, Annual Publication ofInternational Project Management Association , 16-21.

115.Donaldson, L. (2001), The contingency theory of organization, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

116.Dorando, M. &; Gr&;uuml;n, J. (1993),” Coaching mit Meistern: Erfahrungsbericht eines supervisorischen Abenteuers [Coaching with foremen: Field report of a supervisory adventure]”, Supervision, 24, 53-70.

117.Dosi, G. &; Egidi, M. (1991),” Substantive and procedural uncertainty: an exploration of economic behaviours in changing environment”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1, 2, 145-168.

118.Dosi, G. (1988),” Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation”, Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 3, 1120-1171.

119.Dosi, G., Hobday, M., Marengo, L. &; Prencipe, A. (2003),” The economics of systems integration: towards an evolutionary interpretation. In: Prencipe, A., Davies, A. and Hobday, M.(eds)”, The Business of Systems Integration, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 95-113.

120.Downey, H. K. &; Slocum, J. W. (1975),” Uncertainty: measures, research and sources of variation”, Academy of ManagementJournal, 18, 3, 562-578

121.Drath, W. H. (2001), The Deep Blue Sea: Rethinking the Source of Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

122.Drucker, P. (1999), Management challenges for the 21st century, Harper Collins Publishers.

123.Drucker, P. F. (2001), The essential Drucker, New York: Harper Collins.

124.Druskat, V. U. &; Kayes, D. C. (2000), “ Learning versus performance in short term project teams”, Small Group Research, 31, 328-53.

125.Du, R., Ai, S. &; Ren, Y. (2007),” Relationship between knowledge sharing and performance: A survey in Xian, China”, Expert Systems with Applications, 32, 38-46.

126.Dulewicz, V. &; Higgs, M. J. (2005),” Assessing leadership styles and organizational context”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 105-123.

127.Duncan, R. B. (1972),” Characteristics of perceived environments and perceived environmental uncertainty”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 313-327.

128.Dvir, D., Raz, T. &; Shenhar, A. J. (2003),“ An empirical analysis of the relationship between project planning and project success”, International Journal of Project Management, 21, 89-95.

129.Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J. &; Shamir, B. (2002),” Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment”, Academy of Management Journal, 45, 4, 735-744.

130.Dwyer, L. &; Mellor, R. (1991),” Organizational environment, new product process activities, and project outcomes”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 8, 1, 39−48.

131.Edmondson, A. (1999),” Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383..

132.Edmondson, A. C. &; McManus, S. E. (2007), “ Methodological fit in management research”, Academy of Management Review, 32, 4, 1155-1179.

133.Edmondson, A. C. (2003),” Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams”, Journal of Management Studies, 40, 6, 1419-1453.

134.Edvinsson, L. (2002), Corporate Longitude: Navigating the Knowledge Economy, Book House, Stockholm.

135.Emery, F. E. &; Trist, E. L. (1965),” The causal texture of organizational environments”, Hum Relat, 18, 21-32.

136.Enders, C. &; Tofighi, D. ( 2007),” Centering predictor variables in cross- sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue”, Psychological Methods, 12, 21-138.

137.Fengjie, Q. F. &; Chen, X. (2004), “ Knowledge sharing and web-based knowledge-sharing platform”, International Conference on E-Commerce Technology for Dynamic E-Business, 278-281.

138.Fornell, C. &; Larcker, D. F. (1981),“ Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 3, 39-50.

139.Foss, N. &; Mahnke, V. (2003),” Knowledge Management: What Can Organizational Economics Contribute?”, DRUID Working Paper, No.2003-02.

140.Fuentes-Fuentes, M. M., Albacete-Saez, C. A. &; Llorens-Montes, F. J. (2004),” The impact of environmental characteristics on TQM principles and organizational performance”, International Journal of Management Science, 32, 425-442.

141.Galbraith, J. (1973), Designing Complex Organizations, Reading , Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., MA.

142.Galbraith, J. (1977), Organization Design, Reading, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., MA.

143.Galletta, D. F., Marks, P. V., McCoy, S. &; Polak, P. (2002),” What leads us to share valuable knowledge? An experimental study of the effects of managerial control, group identification, and social value orientation on knowledge-sharing behavior”, The 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, Hawaii.

144.George, J. M. (1990), Personnality, affect, and behavior in groups, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-116.

145.Geraldi, J. &; Adlbrecht, G. (2007),” On faith, fact and interaction in projects”, Project Management Journal , 38, 1, 32-43.

146.Gjelsvik, M., Engen, O. A., Hatteland, O., Kvadsheim, H., Nyb&;oslash;, G. &; Tveteraas, R. (2004), Radikale innovasjoner i etablerte foretak, Fagbok forlaget, Bergen.

147.Gnyawali, D. R. &; Stewart, A. C. (2003),” A contingency perspective on organizational learning: integrating environmental context, organizational learning processes, and types of learning”, Management Learning, 34, 63-89.

148.Goffee, R. &; Jones, G. (2000),“ Why should anyone beled by you?”, Harvard Business Review, September/October, 63-70.

149.Goffee, R. &; Jones, G. (2001),“ Followership: its personal too”, Harvard Business Review, December, 148-154.

150.Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A. &; Segars A. H. (2001),” Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer, 318-214.

151.Grant, R. M. (1996a),” Prosperingin Dynamically-competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration”, Organization Science, July/August, 375-387

152.Grant, R. M. (1996b),” Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm”, Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue, 109-122

153.Griffin, A. &; Page, A. L. (1996),” PDMA Success Measurement Project:Recommended Measures for Product Development Success and Failure”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 6, 478-496.

154.Griffin, A. (1997),” PDMA research on new product development practices: updating trends and bench-marking best practices”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14, 6, 429-458.

155.Gruber, M., Heinemann, F., Brettel, M. &; Hungeling, S. (2010),” Configurations of resources and capabilities and their performance implications: An exploratory study on technology ventures”, Strategic Management Journal, 31, 12, 1337-1356.

156.Gupta, A. K. &; Govindarajan, V. (2000),” Knowledge management''s social dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel”, Sloan Management Review, 42, 1, 71-80.

157.Gupta, A., Raj, S. P. &; Wilemon, D. (1985),” R&;D and marketing dialogue in high-tech firms”, Industrial Marketing Management, 14, 289-300.

158.Gupta, A., Raj, S. P. &; Wilemon, D. (1986),” A model for studying the R&;D-marketing interface in the product innovation process”, Journal of Marketing, 50, 7-17.

159.Gupta, A. K. &; Wilemon, D. (1990),” Improving R&;D/marketing relations: R&;D''s perspective”, R&;D Management, 20, 4, 277-290.

160.Gupta, A. K. &; Wilemon, D. L. (1988a),“ The credibility-cooperation connection at the R&;D-marketing interface”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5, 20-31.

161.Gupta, A. K. &; Wilemon, D. L. (1988b),“ Why R&;D resists using marketing information”, Research-Technology Management, 31, 36-41.

162.Guthrie, J. P. &; Schwoerer, C. E. (1996),” Older dogs and new tricks: Career stage and self-assessed need for training”, Public Personnel Management, 25, 1, 59-72.

163.Hallgren, M. &; Maaninen-Olsson, E. (2005),” Deviations, ambiguity and uncertainty in a project-intensive organization”, Project Management Journal, 36, 3, 17-26.

164.Handy, C. (2002), The Empty Rain coat, Arrow Books,London.

165.Hansen, M. T. (2002),” Knowledge networks: Explaining effective knowledge sharing in multiunit companies,” Organization Science, 13, 232-248.

166.Hargadon, A. (2003),” How breakthroughs happen. The surprisingtruth about how companies innovate”, Harvard Business School Press.

167.Hass, K. (2007),” Introducing the project complexity model. A New Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Projects—Part1 of 2”, PM World Today, 4, 7, 1-8.

168.Hauptman, O. (1990),” The Different Roles of Communication in Software Development and Hardware R&;D: Phenomenologic Paradox or Atheoretical Empiricism”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 7, 1, 49-71.

169.Heckscher, C. &; Alder, P. (eds)(2006),” The Firm as a Collaborative Community: Reconstructing Trust in the Knowledge Economy”, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

170.Hendricks, K. B. &; Singhal, V. R. (1997),” Delays in new Product in Productions and the market value of the firm:The consequences of being late to the market”, Management Science, 43, 4, 422-436.

171.Hendriks, P. (1999) “ Why Share Knowledge? The Influence of ICT on the Motivation for Knowledge Sharing,” Knowledge and Process Management, 6, 2, 91-100.

172.Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. &; Johnson, D. (1996), Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources(7th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon &; Schuster.

173.Herstatt, C., Verworn, B. &; Nagahira, A. (2004),” Reducing project related uncertainty in the fuzzy front end of innovation: a comparison of German and Japanese product innovation projects”, International Journal of Product Development, 1, 1, 43-65.

174.Higgs, M. &; Rowland, D. (2001), “ Building change leadership capability: the quest for change competence”, Journal of Change Management, 1, 2, 116-131.

175.Hill, T. (1983), Production/Operations Management, Prentice-Hall, NewJersey.

176.Ho, B., Chien, T., Hsu, S. F. &; Oh, K. B. (2009),” Knowledge sharing: game and reasoned action perspectives”, Industrial Management &; Data Systems, 109, 9, 1211-1230.

177.Ho, Y. C. &; Tsai, C. T. (2011),” Front end of innovation of high technology industries: The moderating effect of front-end fuzziness”, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 22, 1, 47-58

178.Hobday, M. &; Brady, T. (1998),“ Rational versus soft management in complex software: lessons from flight simulation”, International Journal of Innovation Management, 2, 1–43.

179.Hobday, M. (1998),” Product complexity, innovation and industrial organization”, Research Policy, 26, 689-710.

180.Hobson, C., J., Strupeck D. &; Szostek, J. (2010),” A Behavioral Roles Approach to Assessing and Improving the Team Leadership Capabilities of Managers”, International Journal of Management, 27, 1, 3-15.

181.Hogan, R. &; Hogan, J. (2001),“ Assessing leadership: a view from the dark side”, International Journal of Selection and Development, 9, 1, 40-51.

182.Holger, E. (2002),” Success factors of new product development: a review of the empirical literature”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 4, 1, 1-40.

183.Hong, H. K. (2008),” The effect of knowledge on system integration project performance”, Industrial Management &; Data Systems, 108, 3, 385-404

184.Hooff, V. B. &; Weenen, F. d. (2004),” Committed to Share: Commitment and CMC Use as Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing”, Knowledge and Process Management, 11, 1, 12-13.

185.Hoopes, D. G. &; Postrel, S. (1999),“ Shared knowledge glitches, and product development performance”, Strategic Management Journal, 20, 837-865.

186.Hsu, I. C. (2006), “ Enhancing employee tendencies to share knowledge–case studies of nine companies in Taiwan”, International Journal of Information Management, 26, 326-38.

187.Huang, C. C. (2009),” Knowledge sharing and group cohesiveness on performance: An empirical study of technology R&;D teams in Taiwan”,Technovation, 29, 786-797.

188.Huang, T. T. A., Stewart, R. A., Chen, L. &; Estate, R. (2010),” Identifying key enablers to improve business performance in Taiwanese electronic manufacturing companies”, International Journal of Operations &; Production Management, 30, 2, 155-180.

189.Hunt, S. D. &; Arnett, D. B. (2006),” Does marketing success lead to market success?”, Journal of Business Research, 59, 7, 820-828.

190.Hunt, S. D. &; Morgan, R. M. (1995),“ The comparative advantage theory of competition”, Journal of Marketing, 59, 1, 1-15.

191.Hunt, S. D. &; Morgan, R. M. (1996),“ The resource-advantage theory of competition: Dynamics, path dependencies, and evolutionary dimensions”, Journal of Marketing, 60, 4, 107-114.

192.Hunt, S. D. &; Morgan, R. M. (1997),“ Resource-advantage theory: As nake swallowing its tail orageneral theory of competition”, Journal of Marketing, 61, 3, 74-82.

193.Hurley, R. F. &; Hult, T. M. (1998),“ Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: An integration and empirical examination”, Journal of Marketing, 62, 3, 42-54.

194.Husted, K. &; Michailova, S. (2002),” Diagnosing and fighting knowledge sharing hostility”, Organizational Dynamics, 31, 1, 60-73.

195.Iansity, M. (1995),“ Shooting the rapids: managing product development in turbulent environments.”, California Management Review, 38, 37-58.

196.Ipe, M. (2003),“ Knowledge sharing in organization: a conceptual framework”, Human Resource Development Review, 2, 4, 337-359.

197.Ireland, V. (1985),“ The role of managerial actions in the cost, time and quality performance of high-rise commercial building projects”, Construction Management and Economics, 3, 59-87.

198.Jaafari, A. (2003),” Project management in the age of complexity and change”, Project Management Journal, 34, 4, 47-57.

199.Jassawalla, A. R. &; Sashittal, H. C. (1999),” Building Collaborative Cross-Functional New Product Teams”, Academy of Management Executive, 13, 3, 50-63.

200.Jaworski, B. &; Kohli, A. (1993),” Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences”, Journal of Marketing, 57, 53-70.

201.Jayasingam, S., Ansari, M. A. &; Jantan, M. (2010),” Influencing knowledge workers: the power of top management”, Industrial Management &; Data Systems, 110, 1, 134-151.

202.Jeong, I., Pae, J. H. &; Zhou, D. (2006),” Antecedents and consequences of the strategic orientations in new product development: The case of Chinese manufacturers”, Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 3, 348-358.

203.J&;ouml;reskog, K. G. &; S&;ouml;rbom, D. (1993), LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

204.Kahn, K. B., Franzak, F. &; Griffin, A. (2003),“ Identification and consideration of emerging research questions”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20, 3, 193-201.

205.Kanter, R. M. (2001),“ E-volve: Succeeding in the digital culture of tomorrow”, Harvard Business School Press.

206.Katz, M. L. &; Shapiro, C. (1985)," Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility", American Economic Review, 75, 424-440.

207.Keller, R. T. (1992),“ Transformational leadership and the performance of research and development project groups.”, Journal of Management, 18, 3, 167-179.

208.Kerzner, H. (1987),“ In search of excellence in project management”, Journal of Systems Management, 38, 2, 30-40.

209.Kessler, E. H. &; Chakrabarti, A. K. (1999),” Speeding up the pace of new product development”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 16, 231-247.

210.Khurana, A. (1999),“ Managing Complex Production Processes.”, Sloan Management Review, 40, 2, 85-97.

211.Khurana, A. &; Rosenthal, S. R. (1997),“ Integrating the fuzzy front end of new product development.”, Sloan Management Review, 38, 2, 103-120

212.Khurana, A. &; Rosenthal, S. R. (1998),“ Towards holistic ‘frontends’in new product development”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15, 1, 57-74.

213.Kim, J. &; Wilemon, D. (2002),” Focusing the fuzzy front-end in new product development”, R&;D Management, 32, 4, 269-279.

214.Kim, J. &; Wilemon, D. (2002),” Strategic issues in managing innovation''s fuzzy front-end” , European Journal of Innovation Management, 5, 1, 27-39.

215.Kim, J. &; Wilemon, D. (2003),“ Sources and Assessment of Complexity in NPD Projects.”, R&;D Management, 33, 1, 15-30.

216.Kirkpatrick, S. A. &; Locke, E. A. (1991),” Leadership: Do Traits Really Matter”, Academy of Management Executive, 48-60.

217.Kivip&;otilde;ld, K. &; Vadi, M. (2010),” A measurement tool for the evaluation of organizational leadership capability”, Baltic Journal of Management, 5, 1, 118-136.

218.Kleyn, D., Kitney, R., and Atun, R. A. (2007),” Partnership and Innovation in the Life Sciences”, International Journal of Innovation Management, 11, 323-347.

219.Koen, P., Ajamian, G. &; Burkart, R. (2001),“ Providing clarity and a common language to the ‘fuzzy front end”, Research Technology Management, 44, 4, 46-55.

220.Kogut, B. &; Zander, U. (1992),“ Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities and the replication of technology.”, Organization Science, 3, 3, 383-397.

221.Kogut, B. &; Zander, U. (2003),“ Knowledge of the firm and thee volutionary theory of the multinational corporation.”, Journal of International Business Studies, 34, 6, 516-529.

222.Kotter, J. P. (1990),“ What leaders really do?”, Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 103-111.

223.Kotter, J. P. (2007),” Leading change”, Harvard Business Review, 85, 1, 96-103.

224.Koufteros, X., Derembse, M. &; Jayaram, J. (2005),“ Internal and external integration for product development: the contingency effects of uncertainty, equivocality, and platform strategy”, Decision Science, 36, 97-131.

225.Kouzes, J. &; Posner, B. (1998), Encouraging the Heart, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

226.Kouzes, J. &; Posner, B. (2002), The leadership challenge, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass/Wiley.

227.Kreft, I. &; Leeuw, J. (1998), Introducting multilevel modeling, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

228.Kuan, Y. W. &; Aspinwall, E. (2004),“ Characterizing knowledge management in the small business environment”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 8, 3, 44-61.

229.Kusy, M. &; Essex, L. N. (1995),“ No longer a solo practice: How physician leaders lead.”, Physician Executive, 21, 12, 23-35.

230.Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M. &; Michels, L. C. (2006),” The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say?”, Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202-220.

231.Langerak, F., Hultink, E. J. &; Robben, H. S. J. (2004),” The role of predevelopment activities in the relationship between market orientation and performance”, R&;D Management, 34, 3, 295-309.

232.Larson, E. W. &; Gobeli, D. H. (1988),” Organizing for Product Development Projects”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5, 3, 180-190.

233.Lawrence, P. R. &; Lorsch, J. W. (1967),“ Differentiation and integration in complex organizations”, Administrative Scienc eQuarterly, 12, 1, 1-47.

234.Lee, D. R. &; Bohlen, G. A. (1997),“ Influence strategies of project managers in the information technology industry”, EngineeringManagementJournal, 9, 2, 7-14.

235.Lee, H. &; Choi, B. (2003),“ Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination.”, Journal of Management Information Systems, 20, 1, 179-228.

236.Lee, K., Lee, S. &; Kang, I. (2005),“ KMPI: measuring knowledge management performance.”, Information and Management, 42, 3, 469-482.

237.Levey, S. (1992),“ Toward a renewed leadership gestalt”, Frontiers of Health Services Management, 8, 3, 37-41.

238.Levinthal, D. &; March, J. G. (1993),“ The myopia of learning”, Strategic Management Journal, 14, 95-112.

239.Lewis, K. (2003),“ Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scaled evelopment and validation”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 587-604.

240.Liang, D. W., Moreland R. L. &; Argote, L. (1995),“ Group versus individual training and group performance: the mediating role of transactive”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 384-393.

241.Liebowitz, J. (2002),“ Facilitating innovation through knowledge sharing: a look at the US Naval Surface Warfare Center-CarderockDivision”, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42, 5, 1-6.

242.Lin, H. F. (2006),“ Impact of organizational support on organizational intention to facilitate knowledge sharing”, Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 4, 1, 26-35.

243.Lin, H. F.(2007),” Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study”, International Journal of Manpower, 28, 3/4, 315-332.

244.Lin, M. J. J. &; Chen, C. J. (2008),” Integration and knowledge sharing: transforming to long-term competitive advantage”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 16, 1-2.

245.Lindkvist, L., Soderlund, J. &; Tell, F. (1998),“ Managing product development projects: on the significance of fountains and deadlines”, Organization Studies, 19, 931-951.

246.Liu, J. C., Chen, H. G., Jiang, J. &; Klein, G. (2010),” Task completion competency and project management performance: The influence of control and user contribution”, International Journal of Project Management, 28, 3, 220-227.

247.Liu, J. Wang, Q. &; Ma, Q. (2011),“ The effects of project uncertainty and risk management on IS development project performance: A vendor perspective”, International Journal of Project Management, 29, 7, 923-938.

248.Liu, P. L., Chen, W. C. &; Tsai, C. H. (2005),“ An empirical study on the correlation between the knowledge management method and new product development strategy on product performance in Taiwan’s industries”, Technovation, 25, 637-644.

249.Loch, C. H., Pich, M., Urbschat, M. &; Terwiesch, C. (2001),“ Selecting R&;D projects at BMW: a case study of adopting mathematical programming models”, IEEET ransactionson Engineering Management, 48, 1, 70-80.

250.Loch, C., Stein, L. &; Terwiesch, C. (1996),” Measuring development performance in the electronics industry”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 3-20.

251.Loo, G. P. (2010),“ Knowledge Sharing in Information Systems Development: A Social Interdependence Perspective”, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 11, 10, 550-575.

252.Lovelace, K., Shapiro, D. L. &; Weingart, L. R. (2001),” Maximizing cross-functional new product team’s innovativeness and constraint adherence: A conflict communications perspective”, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 4, 779-793.

253.Lubit, R. (2001),“ Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Management: The Keys to Sustainable Competitive Advantage.”, Organizational Dynamics, 29, 4, 164-178.

254.Ludwig, B. (2005),“ The Moderating Effect of Environmental Uncertainty on New Product Development and Time Efficiency”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22, 267-284.

255.Luo, X., Slotegraaf, R. J. &; Pan, X. (2006),“ Cross-functional coopetition: the simultaneous role of cooperation and competition within firms”, Journal of Marketing, 70, 2, 67-80.

256.Lynn, G. S. &; Akgun, A. E. (1998),” Innovation strategies under uncertainty: a contingency approach for new product development”, Engineering Management Journal, 10, 3, 11-17.

257.Macheridis, N. &; Nilsson, C. (2004),“ Managing project complexity”, Working paper, Lund, Sweden: Lund Institute of Economic Research.

258.MacNeil, C. M. (2003),“ Line managers: Facilitators of knowledge sharing in teams”, Employee Relations, 25, 3, 294-307.

259.Majchrzak, A., Jarvenpaa, S. &; Hollingshead, A. (2007),“ Coordinating Expertise Among Emergent Groups Responding to Disasters”, Organization Science, 18, 1, 147-161.

260.Mallic D. M. &; Schroeder R. G. (2005),“ An integrated framework for measuring product development performance in high technology industries” , Production and Operations Management, 11, 5, 381-396.

261.Mason, R. B. (2007),“ The external environment''s effect on management and strategy—a complexity theory approach”, Management Decision, 45, 1, 10-28.

262.Matusik, S. F. &; Hill, C. W. L. (1998),“ The utilization of contingent work, knowledge creation, and competitive advantage.”, Academy of Management Review, 23, 4, 680−697.

263.Maylor, H. (2003), Project Management, London: Financial Times Prentice Hall.

264.Maylor, H., Vidgen, R. &; Carver, S. (2008),“ Managerial Complexity in Project- Based Operations: A Grounded Model and Its Implications for Practice”, Project Management Journal, 39, 15-26.

265.Mayo, A. (2001), The Human Value of the Enterprise: Valuing People as Assets Monitoring, Measuring, Managing, Nicholas Brealey, London.

266.McCarthy, I. P., Tsinopoulos, C., Allen, P .M. &; Rose-Anderssen, C. (2006),” New product development as a complex adaptive system of decisions”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23, 5, 437-456.

267.McDermott, C. M. (1999),“ Managing radical product development in large manufacturing firms: a longitudinal study”, Journal of Operations Management, 17, 6, 631-44.

268.McDonough III, E. F. (2000),“ Investigation of factors contributing to the success of cross-functional teams”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 221-235.

269.McDonough, E. &; Barczak, G. (1991),” Speeding Up New Product Development: The Effects of Leadership Style and Source of Technology”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 8, 3, 203-211.

270.McEnery, J. &; McEnery, J. M. (1987),” Self-rating in management training needs assessment:A neglected opportunity ? ”, Journalof Occupational Psychology, 60, 1, 49-60.

271.McKeen, J., Zack, M. &; Singh, S. (2006),“ Knowledge Management and Organizational Performance: An Exploratory Survey”, The Annual Thirty- Ninth Hawaii Information Conference on System Sciences, Los Alamitos, CA.

272.McLain, D.(2009),” Quantifying Project Characteristics Related to Uncertainty”, Project Management Journal, 40, 4, 60-73.

273.Medcof, J. W. &; Rumpel, S. (2007),” High technology workers and total rewards”, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 18, 1, 59-72.

274.Melles, B., Robers, J. C. B. &; Wamelink. J. W. F. (1990),“ A typology for the selection of management techniques in the construction industry” , CIB90 Conference Building Economics and Construction Management, Sydney.

275.Meyer, A., Loch, C. H. &; Pich, M. T. (2002),” Managing project uncertainty: from variation to chaos”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 42, 60-67.

276.Miller, D. &; Friesen, P. H. (1983),“ Strategy- making and environment: The third link”, Strategic Management Journal, 4, 221-235.

277.Miller, R., Hobday, M., Leroux-Demers, T. &; Olleros, X. (1995),“ Innovation in complex systems industries: the case of flight simulation”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 4, 363-400.

278.Milliken, F. (1987),“ Three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment: State, effect, and response uncertainty”, Academy of Management Review, 12, 133-143.

279.Mishra, S., Kim, D. &; Lee, D. H. (1996),” Factors affecting new product success:cross-country comparison.”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 6, 530-550.

280.Moenaert, R. K. &; Souder, W. E. (1990),“ An information transfer model for integrating marketing and R&;D personnel in new product development projects”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 7, 2, 91-107.

281.Moenaert, R. K., Schoolmeester, D., Meyer, A. &; Souder, W. E. (1992), “ Information styles of marketing and R&;D personnel during technological product innovation projects”, R&;D Management, 22, 1, 21-39.

282.Moenaert, R.K., Souder, W.E., Meyer, A. &; Schoolmeester, D. (1995),” R&;D/marketing communication during the fuzzy front-end”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 42, 3, 243-258.

283.Montoya-Weiss, M. M. &; O’Driscoll, T. M. (2000),“ From experience: applying performance support technology in the fuzzy front end.”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 2, 143-161.

284.Moorman, C. &; Miner, A. S. (1997),“ The impact of organizational memory on new product performance and creativity”, Journal of Marketing Research, 34, 91-106.

285.Moorman, C. (1995),“ Organizational market information processes: cultural antecedents and new product outcomes”, Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 3, 318-35.

286.Morrill, R. L. (2007), Strategic Leadership Integrating Strategy &; Leadership in Colleges and Universities, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT.

287.M&;uuml;ller, R. &; Turner, J. R. (2007),” Matching the project manager’s leadership style to project type”, International Journal of Project Management, 25, 1, 21-32

288.Mullins, J. W. &; Sutherland, D. J. (1998),“ New product development in rapidly changing markets: an exploratory study”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3, 224-236

289.Murphy, S. A. &; Kumar, V. (1997),“ The front end of new product development: a Canadian survey”, R&;D Management, 27, 1, 5-16.

290.Narver, J. C. &; Slater, S. F. (1990),“ The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability”, Journal of Marketing, 54, 20-35.

291.Nelson, K. M. &; Cooprider, J. G. (1996),” Thecontribution SharedKnowledgeto IS Group Performance”, MIS Quarterly, December, 409-432.

292.Nepal, B. P., Yadav, O. P. &; Solanki, R. (2011),“ Improving the NPD Process by Applying Lean Principles: A Case Study”, Engineering Management Journal, 23, 1, 52-68.

293.Ngah, R. &; Jusoff, K. (2009),“ Tacit Knowledge Sharing and SME’s Organizational Performance”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 1, 1, 216-220.

294.Nonaka, I. &; Konno, N. (1998),“ The concept of ‘Ba’: Building a foundation for knowledge creation.”, California Management Review, 40, 3, 40-54.

295.Nonaka, I. &; Takeuchi, H. (1995),“ The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companiescreatethe dynamic of innovation”, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

296.Norrgren, F. &; Schaller, J. (1999),” Leadership style: Its impact on cross-functional product development”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 16, 4, 377-384.

297.Novak, S. &; Eppinger, S. D. (2001),“ Sourcing by design: Product complexity and the supply chain”, Management Science, 47, 1, 189-204.

298.Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric theory(2nd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.

299.O’Connor, P. M. G. &; Quinn, L. (2004), Organizational capacity for leadership in McCauley, C. D. and van Velsor, E.(Eds), The Center for Creative Leadership Handbook of Leadership Development, 2nded., Jossey-Bass, SanFrancisco, CA, 417-37.

300.O’Regan, N. &; Ghobadian, A. (2004),“ Testing the homogeneity of SMEs: the impact of size on managerial and organizational processes”, European Business Review, 16, 1, 64-79.

301.OECD (2000), Knowledge Management in the Learning Economy, Paris.

302.Olausson, D. &; Berggren, C. (2010),” Managing uncertain, complex product development in high-tech firms: in search of controlled flexibility”, R&;D Management, 40, 4, 383-399.

303.Oliver, N., Dostaler, I. &; Dewberry, E. (2004),” New product development benchmarks: The Japanese, North American, and UK. Consumer electronics industries”, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 15, 249-265.

304.Olson, E. M.; Walker, O. C. &; Ruekert, R. W. (1995),“ Organizing for Effective New Product Development: The Moderating Role of Product Innovativeness”, Journal of Marketing, 59, 48-62.

305.Osborn, R. N. &; Hunt, J. G. (2007),“ Leadership and the choice of order: complexity and hierarchical perspectives near the edge of chaos”, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 319-340.

306.Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G. &; Jauch, L. R. (2002),“ Toward a contextual theory of leadership”, The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 6, 797-837.

307.Ozer, M. (2007),” Reducing the demand uncertainties at the fuzzy-front-end of developing new online services”, Research Policy, 36, 9, 1372-1387.

308.Parry, K. (2000),“ Does leadership help the bottom line?”, New Zealand Management, 47, 3, 6-17.

309.Partington, D. (2007), Leadership, In: Turner,J.R.(Ed.), Handbook of Project Management, Vol. 4. Gower Publishing, Aldershot, UK, 739-756.

310.Pasternack, B. A., Williams, T. D. &; Anderson, P. F. (2001),“ Beyond the cult of the CEO–building institutional leadership”, Strategy &; Business, 22, 69-79.

311.Patel, P. C., Terjesen, S. &; Li, D. (2012),” Enhancing effects of manufacturing flexibility through operational absorptive capacity and operational ambidexterity”, Journal of Operations Management, 30, 3, 201-220.

312.Pearce, C. L. &; Conger, J. A. (2003), All those years ago: the historical under pinningsof shared leadership, in Pearce, C. L. and Conger, J. A.(Eds), Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1-18.

313.Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M. &; Xin, K. R. (1999),” Exploring the black box: an analysis of workgroup diversity, conflict, and performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.

314.Perrow, C. (1967),“ A framework of the comparative analysis of organizations.”, American Sociological Review, 32, 194-208.

315.Perrow, C. (1970),“ Departmental power and perspectives in industrial firms”, in Zald, M. N. (Ed.), Power in Organizations, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN, 59-89.

316.Pich, M. T., Loch, C. H. &; Meyer, A. (2002),” On uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity in project management”, Management Science, 48, 8, 1008-1023.

317.Pinto, J. K. and Slevin, D. P. (1989),” Critical success factors in R&;D projects”, Research Technology Management, 32, 1, 31-35.

318.Posey, P. &; Klein, J. (1990), Revitalizaing manufacturing: Text and cases, Irwin: Homewood.

319.Poskela, J. &; Martinsuo, M. (2009),” Management control and strategic renewal in the front end of innovation”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26, 6, 671−684.

320.Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. R. &; Turner, C. (1968),“ Dimensions of organization structure”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 13, 65-105.

321.Pugh, S. (1977), Organization theory, New York: Penguin Books.

322.Qingyu, Z. &; William, J. D. (2001),“ The fuzzy front end and success of new product development: A causal model”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 4, 2, 95-112.

323.Ramesh, B. &; Tiwana, A. (1999),” Supporting collaborative process knowledge management in new product development teams”, Decision Support Systems, 27, 213-235.

324.Rappe, C. &; Zwick , T. (2005),” Workers into Managers – Developing Leadership Competence of Production Unit Managers”, Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 05-13.

325.Raudenbush, S. W., &; Bryk, A. S. (2002), Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

326.Reid, F. (2003),“ Creating a knowledge sharing culture among diverse business units”, Employment Relations Today, 30, 3, 43-9.

327.Reid, S. E. &; Brentani, U. (2004),” The fuzzy front end of new product development for discontinuous innovation: a theoretical model”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 3, 170-184.

328.Revilla, E., Prieto I. M. &; Prado, B. R. (2010),” Knowledge Strategy: Its Relationship to Environmental Dynamism and Complexity in Product Development”, Knowledge and Process Management, 17, 1, 36-47.

329.Ristow, A. M., Amos, T. L. &; Staude, G. E. (1999),” Transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness in the administration of cricket in South Africa”, South African Journal of Business Management, 30, 1, 258-273.

330.Robbins, S. P. (1993), Organizational Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

331.Roberts, T. L., Cheney, P. H., Sweeney, P. D. &; Hightower, R. T. ( 2004-2005), “ The Effects of Information Technology Project Complexity on Group Interaction,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 21, 3, 223-247.

332.Rosenthal, S. R. &; Capper, M. (2006),” Ethnographies in the front end: designing for enhanced customer experience”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23, 3, 215-237.

333.Sarin, S. &; Mahajan, V. (2001),” The effect of reward structures on the performance of cross-functional product development teams”, Journal of Marketing, 65, 35-53.

334.Sarin, S. &; McDermott, C. (2003),” The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning, Knowledge Application, and Performance of Cross-Functional New Product Development Teams”, Decision Sciences, 34, 4, 707-739.

335.Sbragia, R. (1984),” Clarity of Manager Roles and Performance of R&;D Multidisciplinary Projects in Matrix Structures”, R&;D Management, 14, 2, 113-126.

336.Schein, E. H. (1999), The corporate culture survival guide, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

337.Schilling, M. A. &; Hill, C. W. L. (1998),” Managing the new product development process: strategic imperatives.”, Academy of Management Executive, 12, 3, 67-81.

338.Schmalen, H. &; Wiedemann, C. (1999),” Erfolgsdeterminanten von Neuprodukten deutscher Hochtechnologieunternehmen”, Zeitschrift f&;Uuml;r Betriebswirtschaft, 1, 69-89.

339.Schneider, M. &; Somers, M. (2006),“ Organizations as complex adaptive systems: implications of complexity theory for leadership research”, The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 351-365.

340.Sch&;ouml;n, D. (1971), Beyond the stable state, New York: Random House.

341.Schoonhoven, C. B., Eisenhardt, K. M. &; Lyman, K. (1990),” Speeding product to market: Waiting time to first product.”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 177-208.

342.Seely-Brown, J. &; Duguid, P. (2000),” Balancing Act: How to capture knowledge without killing it”, Harvard Business Review, 78, 3, 73-80.

343.Senge, P. (1994), The Fifth disciple fieldbook: strategies and tools for building a learning organization, New York: Doubleday/Currency.

344.Sheldrake, P. &; Saul, P. (1995), Change and the first line manager: A study of the changing role and skills of first line managers, Report of the Industry Task Force on Leadership and Management Skills, 1, 16, 665–711. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

345.Shenhar, A. &; Dvir, D. (1996),“ Toward a typological theory of project management”, Research Policy, 25, 4, 607-32.

346.Shenhar, A. J. (1998),” From Theory to Practice: Toward a Typology of Project-Management Styles”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 45, 1, 33-48.

347.Shenhar, A. J.(2001),“ One size does not fit all projects :exploring classical contingency domains”, Management Science, 47, 3, 394-414.

348.Shenhar, A. J., Tishler, A. &; Dvir, D. (2002),” Refining these arch for project success factors: a multivariate, typological approach”, R&;D Management, 32, 2, 111-126.

349.Sher, P. J. &; Lee, V. C. (2004),“ Information technology as a facilitator for enhancing dynamic capabilities through knowledge management”, Journal of Information and Management, 41, 933-945.

350.Sherman, J. D., Berkowitz, D. &; Souder, W. E. (2005),” New Product Development Performance and the Interaction of Cross-Functional Integration and Knowledge Management”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22, 399-411.

351.Shil, N. C. (2009),” Extended Fuzzy Front End in New Product Development Process”, Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Researchin Business, 1, 2, 78-96.

352.Shipper, F. (1999),” Comparison of managerial skills of middle managers with MBAs, other master''s degrees and bachelor''s degrees ten years after the Porter and McKibbins report”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 1/2, 150-164.

353.Sicotte, H. &; Bourgault, M. (2008),“ Dimensions of uncertainty and their moderating effect on new product development project performance”, R&;D Management, 38, 5, 468-479.

354.Slack, N.; Chambers, S.; Johnston, R. &; Betts, D. (2005), Operations management, Harlow, UK: FT Prentice Hall.

355.Smith, P. G. &; Reinertsen, D. G. (1991), Developing products in half the time, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

356.Song, X. M. &; Montoya-Weiss, M. M. (2001),” The effects of perceived technological uncertainty on Japanese new product development”, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1, 61-80.

357.Song, X. M. &; Parry, M. E. (1996),” What separates Japanese new product winners from losers”, The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 5, 422-439.

358.Stevens, G. A. &; Burley, J. (1997), “ 3000 Raw Ideas = 1 Commercial Success!”, Research-Technology Management, 3, 16-27.

359.Storey, J. &; Quintas, P. (2001),” Knowledge management and HRM”, Human Resource Management: A critical text, 339-363.

360.Swink, M. (2000),” Technological innovativeness as a moderator of new product design integration and top management support”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, , 17, 3, 208-220.

361.Swink, M. (2003),” Completing projects on-time: how project acceleration affects new product development.”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 20, 4, 319-344.

362.Szulanski, G. (1996), “ Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practices within the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 17, 27-43.

363.Takeishi, A. (2002),” Knowledge portioning in the inter-firm division of labor: The case of automotive product development”, Organization Science, 13, 321-338.

364.Takeuchi, H. &; Nonaka, I. (1986),” The new product development game”, Harvard Business Review, 64, 1, 137-146.

365.Tan, H. H. &; Zhao, B. (2003),“ Individual and perceived contextual-level antecedents of individual technical information inquiry in organizations”, The Journal of Psychology, 137, 6, 597-621.

366.Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L. &; Salas, E. (1992),“ Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: an examination of conceptual and empirical developments”, Theory and Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 117-153.

367.Tanriverdi, H. (2005),” InformationTechnology Relatedness, Knowledge Management Capability, and Performance of Multibusiness Firms”, MIS Quarterly, 29, 2, 311-334.

368.Tatikonda, M. V. &; Montoya-Weisis, M. M. (2001),“ Integrating operationsand marketing perspectives of product innovation: the influence of organizational process fact or sand capabilities on development performance”, Journal of Management Science, 47, 1, 151-172.

369.Tatikonda, M. V. &; Rosenthal, S. R. (2000),” Technology novelty, project complexity, and product development project execution success: a deeper look at task uncertainty in product innovation”, IEEE Transactivities on Engineering Management, 47, 1, 74–87.

370.Teece, D. J. &; Pisano, G. (1994),” The dynamic capabilities of firms: an introduction”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 3, 3, 537-556.

371.Teece, D. J. (1998),” Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets.”, California Management Review, 40, 3, 55−79.

372.Thamhain, H. J. (2004),” Linkages of project environment to performance: lessons for team leadership”, International Journal of Project Management, 22, 533-544.

373.The Economist Group. (2005),” Overdue and over budget, over and over again”, The Economist, 57-58.

374.The Royal Austral asian College of Medical Administrators( RACMA) (2006), RACMA Work force Report: Factors Affecting Recruitment and Retention of Medical Manager sin Australian Hospitals, RACMA, Malvern.

375.Thomas, J. &; Thomas, M. (2008),“ Preparing project managers to deal with complexity – Advanced project management education”, International Journal of Project Management, 26, 304-315

376.Thompson, L. L. (2008), Making the Team: A Guide for Managers, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

377.Tidd, J. &; Bodley, K. (2002),” The influence of project novelty on the new product development process”, R&;D Management, 32, 2, 127-138

378.Tidd, J. (2000),” From Knowledge Management to Strategic Competencies”, Serieson Technology Management, Vol. 3, Imperial College Press, London.

379.Troy, L. C., Hirunyawipada, T. &; Paswan, A. K. (2008),” Cross-functional integration and new product success: An empirical investigation of the findings”, Journal of Marketing, 72, 132-146.

380.Tsai, M. T. &; Huang, Y. C. (2008),” Exploratory learning and new product performance: The moderating role of cognitive skills and environmental uncertainty”, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 19, 2, 83-93.

381.Tsai, W. &; Ghoshal, S. (1998),“ Social capital and value creation: The role of intra-firm networks”, Academy of Management Journal, 41, 4, 464-476.

382.Turner, J. R. &; M&;uuml;ller, R. (2005),” The project manager’s leadership style as a success factor on projects: a literature review”, Project Management Journal, 36, 49-61.

383.Tushman, M. L. &; Nadler, D. A. (1978),” Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design.”, Academy of Management Review, 3, 613-624.

384.Ulrich, K. (1995),“ The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm”, Research Policy, 24, 419-440.

385.Ulrich, K. T. &; Eppinger, S. D. (1995), Production Design and Development, MC Graw Hill, Boston.

386.Unger, D. W. &; Eppinger, S. D. (2009),“ Comparing Product Development Processes and Managing Risk”, International Journal of Product Development, 8, 4, 382-402.

387.Uzzi, B. &; Lancaster, R. (2003),” Relational embeddedness and learning: The case of bank loan managers and their clients”, Management Science, 49, 383-399.

388.Vakkari, P. (1999),“ Growth of theories on information seeking: an analysis of growth of a the oretical research program on the relation between task complexity and information seeking”, Information Processing and Management, 34, 361-82.

389.Valle, S. &; Avella, L. (2003),” Cross-functionality and leadership of the new product development teams”, European Journal of Innovation Management 6, 1, 32-47.

390.Vasconcelos, F. C. &; Ramirez, R. (2011),” Complexity in business environments”, Journal of Business Research, 64, 236-241.

391.Vecchiato, R. &; Roveda, C. (2010),” Strategic foresight in corporate organizations: Handling the effect and response uncertainty of technology and social drivers of change”, Technological Forecasting &; Social Change, 77, 1527-1539.

392.Verworn, B. (2006),“ How German measurement and control firms integrate market and technological knowledge into the front end of new product development”, International Journal of Technology Management, 34, 3/4, 379-389.

393.Verworn, B. (2009),” A structural equation model of the impact of the ‘fuzzy front end’ on the success of new product development”, Research Policy, 38, 1571-1581.

394.Verworn, B., Herstatt, C. &; Nagahira, A. (2008),” The fuzzy front end of Japanese new product development projects: Impact on success and differences between incrementa
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top