:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:情緒活動對酬賞基礎決策歷程之影響
作者:劉虹翔
作者(外文):Hong-Hsiang Liu
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:心理學研究所
指導教授:賴文崧
徐永豐
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2018
主題關鍵詞:情緒影響決策歷程回饋相關負波增強學習模型酬賞預測誤差思覺失調症
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:5
我們的日常生活中充滿著各種情緒活動經驗,而這些經驗通常都會為決策與判斷帶來深遠的影響。過去數十年間,各領域研究的研究者們中對於情緒化決策相關議題的探索累積了豐碩的研究成果,也提出了許多結構化分類與描述現象的理論架構,但這些現象背後的機制卻仍在爭議當中。為了替這些敘述性的理論提供更明確的量測指標,並且賦予具體的神經生理基礎,我們將對於情緒化決策歷程的探討連結到增強學習理論 (reinforcement learning theory; Sutton & Barto, 1998) 的架構之中,並依循 Loewenstein 與 Lerner (2003) 的定義將情緒活動區分成伴隨性情緒 (incidental affect) 與整合性情緒 (integral affect),分別於研究一與研究二中探討兩種情緒活動對於酬賞基礎決策 (reward-based decision making) 歷程的影響。在研究一當中,我們以中性、生氣、與高興三種不同的臉孔表情做為促發刺激嵌入機率博弈作業 (probabilistic gambling task) 當中,操弄受試者在作業過程中的伴隨性情緒活動;而在研究二當中,我們則是安排受試者在進行機率博弈作業之前先參與一個修改過後的獨裁者遊戲,並於其中操弄不同程度的分配不公平性,以引發受試者間不同的整合性情緒經驗。受試者於機率博弈作業當中的選擇行為資料以增強學習模型 (Sutton & Barto, 1998; Li, Lai, Liu, & Hsu, 2014) 配適,藉此提取與決策判斷歷程有關的模型估計參數;而實驗過程中所記錄到的腦波活動資料 (electroencephalogram, EEG) 也分析提取成事件關聯電位 (event-related potential, ERP),以反映酬賞預測誤差 (reward-prediction error, RPE)-預期結果與實際結果之間的差距-所引發的神經活動。綜合行為、模型參數估計、以及神經生理指標量測的結果,我們發現伴隨性情緒活動與整合性情緒經驗對決策歷程的影響不盡相同,並且分別對應到不同的現行理論架構,我們將其彙整討論於最後一章。另外,文獻指出思覺失調症 (schizophrenia) 患者在酬賞處理與情緒辨識上皆有著明顯缺損,然而兩者之間的關係卻鮮少被討論,於是在研究三中我們便將研究一的設計修改後應用於這群患者上。結果顯示,在酬賞處理與情緒辨識的異常表現之餘,患者們的情緒活動對於決策力將的調節效果也明顯低於健康對照組。結合過去文獻,我們主張情緒與決策共同反應著重要的社會功能面向,而對於情緒化決策缺損的探討可增進我們對思覺失調症患者社會功能障礙的了解。
Affective experience pervades our daily life and it usually brings out pronounce impact on our judgment and decision making. However, after decades of research in the fields of social psychology, organizational psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, the mechanisms contributing to this pronounce impact is yet debating. To provide more formative indices to the existing descriptive models and to link them to more concrete neurophysiological substrates, we have examined the affective influences on decision making under the framework of reinforcement learning theory. Specifically, we followed the definition from Loewenstein and Lerner (2003) and examined the impacts of incidental and integral affects on reward-based decision making in Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. In Study 1, the incidental affect or mood state was induced through introducing different facial expressions (i.e., neutral, angry, and happy) into a probabilistic gambling task. By contrast, in Study 2, the integral affect or emotional experience was elicited through manipulating different levels of perceived unfairness in a modified dictator game preceding a probabilistic gambling task. The choice behavior data from the probabilistic gambling task in the two studies were fit with a reinforcement learning model (Sutton & Barto, 1998; Li et al., 2014) to retrieve the parameters that help us to uncover the mental processes underlying decision making. Also, in each experimental condition, the concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) data were analyzed to retrieve the event-related potentials (ERP) that reflect the neural signaling of reward prediction error (RPE) – a discrepancy between the predicted and actual action outcomes. In addition, the schizophrenic patients are characterized with deficient reward processing and attenuated affective response, and it is of interest to investigate the altered affective influence in this population. Hence, in Study 3, we modified the design of Study 1 and applied it to chronic schizophrenic patients. This is an exploratory research and we set to investigate the potential interaction between deficient reward processing and aberrant affective activity (i.e, expression recognition) in this population, as these two factors might contribute together to the disrupted social function and poor life quality in schizophrenia. Findings of this study shall contribute to our understanding of the mechanism underlying affect-elicited decision making in schizophrenia.
Abi-Dargham, A. (2014). Schizophrenia: Overview and dopamine dysfunction. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 31-31. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13078tx2c
Abi-Dargham, A., Gil, R., Krystal, J., Baldwin, R. M., Seibyl, J. P., Bowers, M. & Laruelle, M. (1998). Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: Confirmation in a second cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 761-767. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.6.761
Ahn, W. Y., Busemeyer, J. R., Wagenmakers, E. J., & Stout, J. C. (2008). Comparison of decision learning models using the generalization criterion method. Cognitive Science, 32, 1376-1402. doi: 10.1080/03640210802352992
Ahn, W.Y., Vasilev, G., Lee, S. H., Busemeyer, J. R., Kruschke, J. K., Bechara, A., & Vassileva, J. (2014). Decision-making in stimulant and opiate addicts in protracted abstinence: Evidence from computational modeling with pure users. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 849. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00849
Aïte, A., Borst, G., Moutier, S., Varescon, I., Brown, I., Houdé, O., & Cassotti, M. (2013). Impact of emotional context congruency on decision making under ambiguity. Emotion, 13, 177-182. doi: 10.1037/a0031345
Alexander W. H., Brown J. W. (2011). Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1338–1344. doi: 10.1038/nn.2921
Amiez, C., Joseph, J.P., & Procyk, E. (2005). Anterior cingulate error-related activity is modulated by predicted reward. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 3447-3452. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04170
Arkes, H. R., Herren, L. T., & Isen, A. M. (1988). The role of potential loss in the influence of affect on risk-taking behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42, 181-193. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(88)90011-8
Arrow, K. (1971). Essays in the Theory of Risk Bearing. Chicago, IL: Markham Publishing Co.
Barth, C. M., & Funke, J. (2010). Negative affective environments improve complex solving performance. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1259-1268. doi: 10.1080/02699930903223766
Bassi, A., Colacito, R., & Fulghieri, P. (2013). ’O sole mio: An experimental analysis of weather and risk attitudes in financial decisions. The Review of Financial Studies, 26, 1824-1852. doi: 10.1093/rfs/hht004
Bayer, H. M., & Glimcher, P. W. (2005). Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron, 47, 129-141.doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.020
Bechara, A. (2004). The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and Cognition, 55, 30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.001
Bechara A., Damasio H., Damasio A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 295-307. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
Bediou, B., Franck, N., Saoud, M., Baudouin, J. Y., Tiberghien, G., Daléry, J., & d''Amato, T. (2005). Effects of emotion and identity on facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 133, 149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.008
Bentin S., Allison T., Puce A., Perez E., McCarthy G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 551-565. doi: 10.1162/jocn
Bentin S., Deouell L. Y. (2000). Structural encoding and identification in face processing: ERP evidence for separate mechanisms. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 17, 35-55. doi: 10.1080/026432900-380472
Boksem, M. A. S., & De Cremer, D. (2010). Fairness concerns predict medial frontal negativity amplitude in ultimatum bargaining. Social Neuroscience, 5, 118-128. doi: 10.1080/17470910903202666
Bosman, R., Sonnemans, J., & Zeelenberg, M. (2001). Emotions, rejections, and cooling off in the ultimatum game. Working paper. CREED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www1.fee.uva.nl/creed/pdffiles/coolingoff.pdf
Burns, T., & Patrick, D. (2007). Social functioning as an outcome measure in schizophrenia studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 403-418. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01108.x
Bress, J. N., & Hajcak, G. (2013). Self‐report and behavioral measures of reward sensitivity predict the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 50, 610-616. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12053
Bress, J. N., Smith, E., Foti, D., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2012). Neural response to reward and depressive symptoms in late childhood to early adolescence. Biological Psychology, 89, 156-162. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.004
Carlson, J. M., Foti, D., Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Harmon-Jones, E., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Ventral striatal and medial prefrontal BOLD activation is correlated with reward-related electrocortical activity: A combined ERP and fMRI study. Neuroimage, 57, 1608-1616. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.037
Cassotti, M., Habib, M., Poirel, N., Aïte, A., Houdé, O., & Moutier, S. (2012). Positive emotional context eliminates the framing effect in ecision-making. Emotion, 12, 926-931. doi: 10.1037/a0026788
Chan, R. C., Li, H., Cheung, E. F., & Gong, Q. Y. (2010). Impaired facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 178, 381-390. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.035
Chang, C. J., Chen, W. J., Liu, S. K., Cheng, J. J., Yang, W. C. O., Chang, H. J., ... & Hwu, H. G. (2002). Morbidity risk of psychiatric disorders among the first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients in Taiwan. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(3), 379.
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006947
Chen, C. C., Cho, S. L., Horszowska, K., Chen, M. Y., Wu, C. C., Chen, H. C., & Cheng, C. M. (2009). A facial expression image database and norm for Asian population: A preliminary report. SPIE 7242, 72411D-1–72411D-9. doi: 10.1117/12.806130
Chen C. C., Cho S. L., Tseng R. Y. (2013). Taiwan corpora of Chinese emotions and relevant psychophysiological responses: Behavioral evaluation norm for facial expressions of professional performer. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 55, 439-454. doi: 10.6129/CJP.20121226
Chen, Y. C., Chen, Y. W., Hsu, Y. F., Chang, W. T., Hsiao, C. K., Min, M. Y., & Lai, W. S. (2012). Akt1 deficiency modulates reward learning and reward prediction error in mice. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 11, 157-169. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00759.x
Cooper A. J., Duke É., Pickering A. D., Smillie L. D. (2014). Individual differences in reward prediction error: Contrasting relations between feedback-related negativity and trait measures of reward sensitivity, impulsivity and extraversion. Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience, 8, 248. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00248
Corlett, P. R., Murray, G. K., Honey, G. D., Aitken, M. R., Shanks, D. R., Robbins, T. W., & Fletcher, P. C. (2007). Disrupted prediction-error signal in psychosis: Evidence for an associative account of delusions. Brain, 130, 2387-2400. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm173
Damasio A, (1994). Descarte’s error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Putnam.
Darwin, C. (1872/2002). The expression of emotion in man and animal, 3rd edn. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
Delgado M. R., Nystrom L. E., Fissell C., Noll D., Fiez J. A. (2000). Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84, 3072-3077. doi: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.3072
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science, 313, 684-687. doi: 10.1126/science.1128356
Edmans, A., Garcia, D., & Norli, Ø. (2007). Sports sentiment and stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 62, 1967-1998. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01262.x
Edwards, J., Jackson, H. J., & Pattison, P. E. (2002). Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 789-832. doi: 0.1016/S0272-7358(02)00130-7
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O''sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., & Scherer, K. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 53,
712-717. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.712
Eimer M. (2000). The face-specific N170 component reflects late stages in the structural encoding of faces. NeuroReport, 11, 2319-2324. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200007140-00050
Eimer M., & Holmes A. (2002). An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. NeuroReport, 13, 427-431. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200203250-00013
Eimer M., & Holmes A. (2007). Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia, 45, 15–31. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.022
Eimer M., Holmes A., & McGlone F. P. (2003). The role of spatial attention in the processing of facial expression: An ERP study of rapid brain responses to six basic emotions. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 97-110. doi: 10.3758/CABN.3.2.97
Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 384. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124. doi: 10.1037/h0030377
Eldar, E., Rutledge, R. B., Dolan, R. J., & Niv, Y. (2016). Mood as representation of momentum. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.010
Eppinger B., Kray J., Mock B., & Mecklinger A. (2008). Better or worse than expected? Aging, learning, and the ERN. Neuropsychologia, 46, 521-539. doi: 10.1016/j.
neuropsychologia.2007.09.001
Esslinger, C., Englisch, S., Inta, D., Rausch, F., Schirmbeck, F., Mier, D., & Zink, M. (2012). Ventral striatal activation during attribution of stimulus saliency and reward anticipation is correlated in unmedicated first episode schizophrenia
patients. Schizophrenia Research, 140, 114-121. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.025
Fehr, E., & Rockenbach, B. (2003). Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism. Nature, 422, 137-140. doi: 10.1038/nature01474
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 817-868. doi: 10.2307/2586885
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (2003). Theories of fairness and reciprocity: Evidence and economic applications. In M. Dewatripont, L. P. Hansen, & S. J. Turnovsky (Eds.),
Advances in economics and econometrics (pp. 208-257). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Ferdinand, N. K., Mecklinger, A., Kray, J., & Gehring, W. J. (2012). The processing of unexpected positive response outcomes in the mediofrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 12087-12092. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1410-12.2012
Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13, 1-17. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
Fletcher, P. C., & Frith, C. D. (2009). Perceiving is believing: A Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 48-58. doi: 10.1038/nrn2536
Flores, A., Münte, T. F., & Doñamayor, N. (2015). Event-related EEG responses to anticipation and delivery of monetary and social reward. Biological Psychology, 109, 10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.04.005
Foti, D., Carlson, J. M., Sauder, C. L., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014). Reward dysfunction in major depression: Multimodal neuroimaging evidence for refining the melancholic phenotype. NeuroImage, 101, 50-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.058
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009). Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology, 81, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.004
Frank, M., Gagne, C., Nyhus, E., Masters, S., Wiecki, T. V., Cavanagh, J. F., & Badre, D. (2015). fMRI and EEG predictors of dynamic decision parameters during human reinforcement learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 485-494. doi: 10.
1523/JNEUROSCI.2036-14.2015
Fridberg, D. J., Queller, S., Ahn, W. Y., Kim, W., Bishara, A. J., Busemeyer, J. R., ... & Stout, J. C. (2010). Cognitive mechanisms underlying risky decision-making in chronic cannabis users. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 54, 28-38.doi:
10.1016/j.jmp.2009.10.002
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & Ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
Friston, K. J. (1998). The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 115-125. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00140-0
Friston, K., Brown, H. R., Siemerkus, J., & Stephan, K. E. (2016). The dysconnection hypothesis (2016). Schizophrenia Research, 176, 83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.014
Friston, K. J., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia: A disconnection syndrome. Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 89-97.
Gelfand, A. E., & Smith, A. F. (1990). Sampling-based approaches to calculating marginal densities. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 398-409. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1990.10476213
Geman, S., & Geman, D. (1984). Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the Bayesian restoration of images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6, 721-741. doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.1984.4767596
Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: The dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 3), 15647-15654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.
1014269108
Gluth, S., & Rieskamp, J. (2017). Variability in behavior that cognitive models do not explain can be linked to neuroimaging data. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 104-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2016.04.012
Gradin, V. B., Kumar, P., Waiter, G., Ahearn, T., Stickle, C., Milders, M., & Steele, J. D. (2011). Expected value and prediction error abnormalities in depression and schizophrenia. Brain, 134, 1751-1764. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr059
Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3, 367-388. doi: 10.1016/0167-2681(82)90011-7
Gratton, G., Coles, M. G., & Donchin, E. (1983). A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 468-484. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90135-9
Habel, U., Chechko, N., Pauly, K., Koch, K., Backes, V., Seiferth, N., & Kellermann, T. (2010). Neural correlates of emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 122, 113-123. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.009
Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010). The reward circuit: Linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 4-26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.129
Hajcak, G., McDonald, N., & Simons, R. F. (2003). Anxiety and error-related brain activity. Biological Psychology, 64, 77-90. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00103-0
Hajcak G., Moser J. S., Holroyd C. B., & Simons R. F. (2007). It''s worse than you thought: The feedback negativity and violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks. Psychophysiology, 44, 905-912. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00567.x
Hajcak, G., & Simons, R. F. (2002). Error-related brain activity in obsessive–compulsive undergraduates. Psychiatry Research, 110, 63-72. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00034-3
Hämmerer D., Li S.-C., Müller V., & Lindenberger U. (2011). Life span differences in electrophysiological correlates of monitoring gains and losses during probabilistic reinforcement learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 579-592. doi: 10.
1162/jocn.2010.21475
Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and consumer decision making: The appraisal-tendency framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 58-168. doi: 10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70023-2
Hauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Stämpfli, P., Drechsler, R., Brandeis, D., Walitza, S., & Brem, S. (2014). The feedback-related negativity (FRN) revisited: New insights into the localization, meaning and network organization. NeuroImage, 84, 159-168. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.028
Hare, T. A., O’Doherty, J., Camerer, C. F., Schultz, W., & Rangel, A. (2008). Dissociating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum in the computation of goal values and prediction errors. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 5623-5630. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1309-08.2008
Harvey, P. D., Lombardi, J., Leibman, M., White, L., Parrella, M., Powchik, P., & Davidson, M. (1996). Cognitive impairment and negative symptoms in geriatric chronic schizophrenic patients: A follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 22, 223-231. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00075-8
Heitland I., Oosting R., Baas J., Massar S., Kenemans J., & Böcker K. (2012). Genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine and serotonin systems modulate the neurophysiological response to feedback and risk taking in healthy humans. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 678-691. doi: 10.3758/
s13415-012-0108-8
Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioural and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1185-1198. doi: 10.
1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x
Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Trippe, R. H., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G. H., Holroyd, C. B., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2011). Why humans deviate from rational choice. Psychophysiology, 48, 507-514. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01081
Heydari, S., & Holroyd, C. B. (2016). Reward positivity: Reward prediction error or salience prediction error?. Psychophysiology, 53, 1185-1192. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12673
Hoekert, M., Kahn, R. S., Pijnenborg, M., & Aleman, A. (2007). Impaired recognition and expression of emotional prosody in schizophrenia: Review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 96, 135-145. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.023
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679-709. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679
Holroyd, C. B., & Krigolson, O. E. (2007). Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task. Psychophysiology, 44, 913-917. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00561
Holroyd, C. B., Krigolson, O. E., Baker, R., Lee, S., & Gibson, J. (2009). When is an error not a prediction error? An electrophysiological investigation. Cognitive,
Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 59-70. doi: 10.3758/CABN.9.1.59
Holroyd, C. B., Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potential. NeuroReport, 14, 2481-2484. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200312190-00037
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597-606. doi: 10.1086/222355
Horley, K., Gonsalvez, C., Williams, L., Lazzaro, I., Bahramali, H., & Gordon, E. (2001). Event-related potentials to threat-related faces in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuroscience, 107, 113-130. doi: 10.3109/00207450109149761
Howes, O. D., Kambeitz, J., Kim, E., Stahl, D., Slifstein, M., Abi-Dargham, A., & Kapur, S. (2012). The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment: Meta-analysis of imaging studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 776-786. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169
Howes, O. D., & Kapur, S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Version III—the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 549-562. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp006
Hsu, M., Anen, C., & Quartz, S. R. (2008). The right and the good: Distributive justice and neural encoding of equity and efficiency. Science, 320, 1092-1095. doi: 10.1126/science.1153651
Isen, A. M. (2000). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions, pp. 417-435. New York, NY: Guilford.
Isen, A. M. (2001). An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11, 75-85. doi: 10.1207/S15327663JCP1102_01
Isen, A. M., & Patrick, R. (1983). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31, 194-202. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(83)90120-4
Isen, A. M., Shalker, T. E., Clark, M., & Karp, L. (1978). Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1-12. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.36.1.1
Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., & Sadato, N. (2008). Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum. Neuron, 58, 284-294. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.020
Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20-31. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.20
Juckel, G., Schlagenhauf, F., Koslowski, M., Wüstenberg, T., Villringer, A., Knutson, B. & Heinz, A. (2006). Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 29, 409-416. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.051
Kaelbling L. P., Littman M. L., & Moore A. W. (1996). Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4, 237-285. doi: 10.1613/jair.301
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1986). Fairness and the assumptions of economics. Journal of Business, 59, 285-300. doi: 10.1086/296367
Kahneman, D., Wakker, P. P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 375-406. doi: 10.1162/003355397555235
Kay, S. R., Flszbein, A., & Opfer, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261. doi: 10.1093/
schbul/13.2.261
Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1993). Decisions with multiple objectives: Preferences and value trade-offs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998). Emotion, social function, and psychopathology. Review of General Psychology, 2, 320-342. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320
Kiss M., & Eimer M. (2008). ERPs reveal subliminal processing of fearful faces. Psychophysiology, 45, 318-326. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00634.x
Knutson, B. (1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165-182. doi: 10.1007/BF02281954
Knutson B., & Bossaerts P. (2007). Neural antecedents of financial decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8174-8177. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1564-07.2007
Knutson, B., Wimmer, G. E., Kuhnen, C. M., & Winkielman, P. (2008). Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking. NeuroReport, 19, 509-513. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f85c01
Kohler, C. G., Bilker, W., Hagendoorn, M., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2000). Emotion recognition deficit in schizophrenia: Association with symptomatology and cognition. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 127-136. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00847-7
Lampert, K., Phelps, E. A., Glimcher, P., & Fehr, E. (2014). Neuroeconomics of emotion and decision making. In P.W. Glimcher & E. Fehr (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain, pp. 219-236. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
Lang P. J., Bradley M. M., & Cuthbert B. N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL: Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
Larøi, F., Fonteneau, B., Mourad, H., & Raballo, A. (2010). Basic emotion recognition and psychopathology in schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 79-81. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c84cb0
Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., Van Dyck, C. H., Gil, R., D''Souza, C. D., Erdos, J. & Baldwin, R. M. (1996). Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 9235-9240. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235
Laux, L., & Weber, H. (1991). Presentation of self in coping with anger and anxiety: An intentional approach. Anxiety Research, 3, 233-255. doi: 10.1080/08917779108248755
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 229-252. doi: 10.1123/tsp.14.3.229
LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2014). Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 473-493. doi: 10.1080/026999300402763
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 799-823. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
Lerner, J. S., Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings: Carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological Science, 15, 337-341. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00679.x
Li, C.-T., Lai, W.-S., Liu, C.-M., & Hsu, Y.-F. (2014). Inferring reward prediction errors in patients with schizophrenia: A dynamic reward task for reinforcement learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1282. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01282
Liu, H.-H., Hsieh, M. H., Hsu, Y.-F., & Lai, W.-S. (2015). Effects of affective arousal on choice behavior, reward prediction errors, and feedback-related negativities in human reward-based decision making. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 592. doi: 10.3389
/fpsyg.2015.00592
Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Sherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds), The Handbook of affective science, pp. 619-642. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Lunn D. J., Thomas A., Best N., & Spiegelhalter D. (2000). WinBUGS-a Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing, 10, 325–337. doi: 10.1023/A:1008929526011
Lysaker, P. H., Davis, L. W., Warman, D. M., Strasburger, A., & Beattie, N. (2007). Stigma, social function and symptoms in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Associations across 6 months. Psychiatry Research, 149, 89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.007
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Macdonald, H., Rutter, M., Howlin, P., Rios, P., Conteur, A. L., Evered, C., & Folstein, S. (1989). Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 865-877. doi: 10.1111/
j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x
Machina, M. J. (1982). "Expected Utility" analysis without the independence axiom. Econometrica, 50, 277-323. doi: 10.2307/1912631
Mandal, M. K., Pandey, R., & Prasad, A. B. (1998). Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 399. doi: 10.1093/
oxfordjournals.schbul.a033335
Marco-Pallares, J., Cucurell, D., Cunillera, T., García, R., Andrés-Pueyo, A., Münte, T. F., & Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2008). Human oscillatory activity associated to reward processing in a gambling task. Neuropsychologia, 46, 241-248. doi: 10.1016
/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.016
Mars, R. B., Coles, M. G. H., Grol, M. J., Holroyd, C. B., Nieuwenhuis, S., Hulstijn, W., & Toni, I. (2005). Neural dynamics of error processing in medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage, 28, 1007-1013. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.041
McGurk, S. R., Moriarty, P. J., Harvey, P. D., Parrella, M., White, L., & Davis, K. L. (2000). The longitudinal relationship of clinical symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive life in geriatric schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 42, 47-55. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00097-3
Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827. doi: 10.1037/h0041029
Miltner, W. H. R., Braun, C. H., & Coles, M. G. H. (1997). Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: Evidence for a “generic” neural system for error detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 788-798. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788
Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Clark, L., Pessiglione, M., Blackwell, A. D., Honey, G., & Fletcher, P. C. (2008). Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 267-276. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002058
Morris, R. W., Vercammen, A., Lenroot, R., Moore, L., Langton, J. M., Short, B., & Weickert, T. W. (2012). Disambiguating ventral striatum fMRI-related bold signal during reward prediction in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 280-289. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.75
Nielsen, M. Ø., Rostrup, E., Wulff, S., Bak, N., Lublin, H., Kapur, S., & Glenthøj, B. (2012). Alterations of the brain reward system in antipsychotic naive schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 898-905. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.007
Niv, Y. (2009). Reinforcement learning in the brain. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53, 139-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2008.12.005
Olvet D. M., & Hajcak G. (2008). The error-related negativity (ERN) and psychopathology: Toward an endophenotype. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1343-1354. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.003
Osumi, T., & Ohira, H. (2009). Cardiac responses predict decisions: An investigation of the relation between orienting response and decisions in the ultimatum game. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 74-79. doi: 10.1016/
j.ijpsycho.2009.07.007
Pan, W. X., Schmidt, R., Wickens, J. R., & Hyland, B. I. (2005). Dopamine cells respond to predicted events during classical conditioning: Evidence for eligibility traces in the reward-learning network. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 6235-6242.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1478-05.2005
Pan, Y. J., Chen, S. H., Chen, W. J., & Liu, S. K. (2009). Affect recognition as an independent social function determinant in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 443-452. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.003
Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 148-158. doi: 10.1038/nrn2317
Peters, E., Dieckmann, N. F., Västfjäll, D., Mertz, C. K., Slovic, P., & Hibbard, J. H. (2009). Bringing meaning to numbers: the impact of evaluative categories on decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15, 213-227. doi: 10.1037/a0016978
Pham, M. T., Cohen, J. B., Pracejus, J. W., & Hughes, G. D. (2001). Affect monitoring and the primacy of feelings in judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 167-188. doi: 10.1086/322896
Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. (1996). Unfairness, anger, and spite: Emotional rejections of ultimatum offers. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 208-224. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1996.0100
Plummer, M. (2003, 12). JAGS: A program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.
Premkumar, P., Cooke, M. A., Fannon, D., Peters, E., Michel, T. M., Aasen, I., & Kumari, V. (2008). Misattribution bias of threat-related facial expressions is related to a longer duration of illness and poor executive function in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry, 23, 14-19. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.
2007.10.004
Proudfit, G. H. (2015). The reward positivity: From basic research on reward to a biomarker for depression. Psychophysiology, 52, 449-459. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12370
Purcell, B. A., Heitz, R. P., Cohen, J. Y., Schall, J. D., Logan, G. D., & Palmeri, T. J. (2010). Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making. Psychological Review, 117, 1113-1143. doi: 10.1037/a0020311
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning: Current research and theory, pp. 64-99 . New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 426-450. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426
Rutledge, R. B., Lazzaro, S. C., Lau, B., Myers, C. E., Gluck, M. A., & Glimcher, P. W. (2009). Dopaminergic drugs modulate learning rates and perseveration in Parkinson’s patients in a dynamic foraging task. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15104-15114. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3524-09.2009
Sadeh B., Zhdanov A., Podlipsky I., Hendler T., Yovel G. (2008). The validity of the face-selective ERP N170 component during simultaneous recording with functional MRI. Neuroimage, 42, 778–786. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.168
Sambrook, T. D., & Goslin, J. (2015). A neural reward prediction error revealed by a meta-analysis of ERPs using great grand averages. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 213. doi: 10.1037/bul0000006
Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300, 1755-1758. doi: 10.1126/science.1082976
Scherer, K. R. (2005). What are emotions? And how can they be measured?. Social Science Information, 44, 695-729. doi: 10.1177/0539018405058216
Schlagenhauf, F., Huys, Q. J., Deserno, L., Rapp, M. A., Beck, A., Heinze, H. J., & Heinz, A. (2014). Striatal dysfunction during reversal learning in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage, 89, 171-180. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.
11.034
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275, 1593-1599. doi: 10.1126/science.275.5306.1593
Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., & Hollerman, J. R. (1998). Reward prediction in primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex. Neuropharmacology, 37, 421-429. doi: 10.1016/
S0028-3908(98)00071-9
Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Cacioppo, J. T., Ito, T., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37, 257-261. doi: 10.1111/1469-
8986.3720257
Schwarz N. (2000). Emotion, cognition, and decision making. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 433-440. doi: 10.1080/026999300402745
Schwarz, N. (2011). Feelings-as-information theory. In P. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology, pp. 289-308. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296-303. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682896
Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. (2008). Emotion, decision making, and the amygdala. Neuron, 58, 662-671. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.020
Shenhav A., Botvinick M. M., Cohen J. D. (2013). The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron , 79, 217-240. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177, 1333-1352. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006
Smillie L. D., Cooper A. J., & Pickering A. D. (2011). Individual differences in reward-prediction-error: extraversion and feedback-related negativity. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 646-652. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq078
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48, 813-838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) (third edition). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Steingroever, H., Wetzels, R., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2014). Absolute performance of reinforcement-learning models for the Iowa Gambling Task. Decision, 1, 161-183. doi: 10.1037/dec0000005
Talmi, D., Atkinson, R., & El-Deredy, W. (2013). The feedback-related negativity signals salience prediction errors, not reward prediction errors. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 8264-8269. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5695-12.2013
Teng M.-H., & Chang S.-H. (2006). A hierarchical model for the comorbidity of GAD and depressive disorder. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 48, 203-218.
Thibaut, J. W. & Kelly, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York, NY: Wiley.
Tseng, H. H., Roiser, J. P., Modinos, G., Falkenberg, I., Samson, C., McGuire, P., & Allen, P. (2016). Corticolimbic dysfunction during facial and prosodic emotional recognition in first-episode psychosis patients and individuals at ultra-high risk. NeuroImage: Clinical, 12, 645-654. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.006
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297-323. doi: 10.1007/BF00122574
Turner, B. M., Forstmann, B. U., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Brown, S. D., Sederberg, P. B., & Steyvers, M. (2013). A Bayesian framework for simultaneously modeling neural and behavioral data. Neuroimage, 72, 193-206. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.048
Van der Molen, M. J., Poppelaars, E. S., Van Hartingsveldt, C. T., Harrewijn, A., Gunther Moor, B., & Westenberg, P. M. (2014). Fear of negative evaluation modulates electrocortical and behavioral responses when anticipating social evaluative feedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 936. doi: 10.3389/
fnhum.2013.00936
van der Veen, F. M., van der Molen, M. W., Sahibdin, P. P., & Franken, I. H. (2013). The heart-break of social rejection versus the brain wave of social acceptance. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1346-1351. doi: 10.
1093/scan/nst120
van Ravenzwaaij, D., Provost, A., & Brown, S. D. (2017). A confirmatory approach for integrating neural and behavioral data into a single model. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2016.04.005
Verplanken, B., Hofstee, G., & Janssen, H. J. (1998). Accessibility of affective versus cognitive components of attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 23-35. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199801/02)28:1<23::AID-EJSP843>3.0.CO;2-Z
Walsh, M. M., & Anderson, J. R. (2011). Modulation of the feedback-related negativity by instruction and experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 19048-19053. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117189108
Walsh, M. M., & Anderson, J. R. (2012). Learning from experience: Event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 1870-1884. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008
Warren, C. M., Hyman, J. M., Seamans, J. K., & Holroyd, C. B. (2015). Feedback-related negativity observed in rodent anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 109, 87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.008
Watanabe, N., Sakagami, M., & Haruno, M. (2013). Reward prediction error signal enhanced by striatum-amygdala interaction explains the acceleration of probabilistic reward learning by emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 4487-4493. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3400-12.2013
Watkins, C. J. C. H., & Dayan, P. (1992). Q-Learning. Machine Learning, 8, 279-292. doi: 10.1007/BF00992698
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Westermann, R., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: Analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199607)26:4<557::AID-EJSP769>3.0.CO;2-4
Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 121-135. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271309
Winkielman P., Knutson B., Paulus M., Trujillo J. L. (2007). Affective influence on judgments and decisions: moving towards core mechanisms. Review of General Psychology, 11, 179-192. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.179
Wiswede, D., Münte, T. F., Goschke, T., & Rüsseler, J. (2009). Modulation of the error-related negativity by induction of short-term negative affect. Neuropsychologia, 47, 83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.016
Wright, W. F., & Bower, G. H. (1992). Mood effects on subjective probability assessment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52(2), 276-291. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(92)90039-A
Wu, Y., Hu, J., van Dijk, E., Leliveld, M. C., & Zhou, X. (2012). Brain activity in fairness consideration during asset distribution: Does the initial ownership play a role? PLoS ONE, 7, e39627. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039627
Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., van Dijk, E., Leliveld, M. C., & Zhou, X. (2011). Social comparison affects brain responses to fairness in asset division: An ERP study with the ultimatum game. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 131. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00131
Yasuda, A., Sato, A., Miyawaki, K., Kumano, H., & Kuboki, T. (2004). Error-related negativity reflects detection of negative reward prediction error. NeuroReport, 15, 2561-2565. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200411150-00027
Yovel G., Levy J., Grabowecky M., & Paller K. A. (2003). Neural correlates of the left-visual-field superiority in face perception appear at multiple stages of face processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 462-474. doi: 10.1162/089892903321593162
Zaghloul, K. A., Blanco, J. A., Weidemann, C. T., McGill, K., Jaggi, J. L., Baltuch, G. H., & Kahana, M. J. (2009). Human substantia nigra neurons encode unexpected financial rewards. Science, 323, 1496-1499. doi: 10.1126/science.1167342
Zajonc, R.B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top