:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:新興「後天下」共同體:(重新)想像中國與國際關係為了建構「後西方」和「後華」的國際關係理論
作者:谷巖杉
作者(外文):Raoul Bunskoek
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:政治學研究所
指導教授:石之瑜
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:天下一帶一路論述分析批判國際關係理論中國
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:5
本論文提出「後天下」作為「後西方」與「後中華」的國際關係理論。後天下採 取「關係」的本體論與知識論,從而指涉一種包羅萬象的分析理論,其間存在重疊與 平行的多種「道德秩序」,及各具獨特性的「實踐社區」。後天下理論主要針對國關 領域的「中國學派」,就其「天下」概念進行建設性批判,並特別討論儒家視角下的 天下,即萬物與「天子」之間的關係性。准此,後天下超越儒家脈絡下的天下概念, 主張萬物在不同的「道德秩序」之下,透過各自不同的(differently different)的關係 設想,根據在每種關係脈絡中所界定的道德秩序,必然形成後天下。後天下可以被定 義成「萬物都有關係的」狀態(all being related)。
同時,後天下強調「雙邊關係」的重要性,特別是「關係」在雙邊互動過程中的 實踐。後天下的分析屬於國際關係領域中的(東方)關係轉向與實踐轉向。其特色在 於集中分析如何在雙邊關係中,透過各種不同的設想與實踐,讓穩定的關係獲得維護。 後天下的分析是以雙邊關係的維護來解釋各國政策價值的前後不一,而國際關係理論 無法說明。後天下符合一種「關係均衡論」(Shih et al. 2019),其主張行為者透過參 與、建立與維護各種雙邊關係網絡,來滿足對於「關係安全」的心理需要。據此,行 為者為了維持穩定關係會願意放棄當前的利益(亦即,自我克制)。不同於主流國關 理論把如此的行為看成違反理性,後天下則從維護關係的角度來說明自我克制的高度 理性。
後天下理論所答覆的主要困擾是,以中國之名行使的政策行為,對國際關係到底 是否在進行一種重新的構想,還是仍在複製既有的以權力及利益為核心的秩序。第二 章通過後殖民主義和後結構主義,批判以西方為中心的國際關係與「中國學派」,探 索以中國之名的行為有無重新構想國際關係的話語空間。第三章分析 1949-2019 年間 的中國外交話語,包括當代外交話語中的五個「里程碑」,即「和平共處」、「三個 世界理論」、「新國際秩序」、「和諧世界」與「人類命運共同體」。這五個里程碑 反映中國外交話語在實踐中給自己設定的關係構想。第四章分析中國「一帶一路」的 話語與實踐。最後,第五章提出後天下理論,並根據前面章節中的分析,指出某種後 天下實踐社區有其存在可能性。
This dissertation proposes post-Tianxia as both a post-Western as well as post-Chinese international relations theory (IRT). Post-Tianxia is an all-encompassing analytical theory adhering to a relational ontology and relationship epistemology that brings to light the existence of multiple, often overlapping and parallelly existing, moral orders, each with their own ‘community of practice’. It critically builds upon ‘Chinese School of IR’ theorizations on IR, particularly Confucian perceptions on the concept of Tianxia, which imagine all to be related to a ‘Son of Heaven’. Post-Tianxia adds to this that within different moral orders, all are imagined to be related in differently different ways, depending on who or what is perceived as morally superior in each context. Post-Tianxia can thus be defined as ‘all being related’.
Moreover, post-Tianxia theory emphasizes bilaterality, and more specifically how relations are practiced at the bilateral level. Accordingly, post-Tianxia joins both the (Eastern) relational and practice turns in IR. The advantage of focusing on bilaterality and practices is that post-Tianxia can explain seeming inconsistency. As such, post-Tianxia theory is in line with the Balance of Relationships theory (Shih et al. 2019), which argues that actors seek to establish and maintain (i.e. practice) a network of stable bilateral relationships –i.e. a balance of relationships – in order to satisfy the psychological need for ‘relational security’. Consequently, they are willing to sacrifice self-interests (i.e. self-restrain) to preserve relatedness, which, far from ‘inconsistent’, is in fact highly rational.
Post-Tianxia theory is the result of a journey delving into the question whether actors acting on behalf of China are reimagining or reproducing IR. The first stop on this journey (Chapter 2) critiques both Western-centric IR and the Chinese School of IR through postcolonialism and poststructuralism in order to find out what discursive space exists for Chinese actors to reimagine IR. The second stop (Chapter 3) uses discourse analyses of PRC political discourses over the 1949-2019 period to identify five ‘monuments’ in PRC political discourses, namely ‘Peaceful Coexistence’, ‘Three-Worlds Theory’, ‘New International Order’, ‘Harmonious World’, and the ‘Community of Common Destiny for Mankind’. The chapter argues that these discourses form the moral guidelines within which actors acting on behalf of China should operate (from Beijing’s perspective). The third stop (Chapter 4) analyses discourses and practices of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Finally, the fourth stop (Chapter 5) proposes post-Tianxia theory, and argues that the practices and discourses analysed in the earlier chapters illustrate the existence of one specific post-Tianxia community.
Acharya, Amitav. 2001. Human Security: East versus West. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis
Adelman, Jonathan R. and Shih, Chih-yu. 1993. Symbolic War: The Chinese Use of Force 1840-1980. The Institute of International Relations: Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agathangelou, Anna M. and Ling, L.H.M. 2004. The House of IR: From Family Power Politics to the Poisies of Worldism. International Studies Review Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 21-49
Anderson, Benedict. 1993 [1983]. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso: UK
Ang, Yuen Yuen. 2016. How China Escaped the Poverty Press. Cornell University Press: USA
Ashley, Richard K. 1987. Foreign Policy as Political Performance. International Studies Notes 13
BBC staff writer. 2009. ‘Nations Eye Stable Reserve System’. BBC, 16 June 2019, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8102216.stm (last accessed 14 July 2019).
Bell, Daniel A. 2008. China’s New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society. Princeton University Press: USA
Bell, Daniel A. 2015. The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton University Press: USA
Bhabha, Homi K. 2004. The Location of Culture. Routledge: UK
Bleiker, Ronald. 1997. Forget IR theory. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political vol. 22, no 1, pp. 57-85
Burchill, Scott (ed.). 2013. Theories of International Relations (Fifth Edition). Palgrave Macmillan: UK
Burgh, H. de. 2018. The Re-imaging of China under President Xi Jinping. China Media Research, 14 (1), 104-110.
Buzan, Barry and Little, Richard. 2001. Why International Relations has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to do About it. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30 (1), 19-39.
Callahan, William A. 2008. Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-hegemonic or a New Hegemony? International Studies Review 10, 749–761
Cambridge Online Dictionary. 2017. Search for ‘reproducing’ on 28 October 2017. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reproduce?q=reproducing
Campbell, David. 1998 [1992]. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Revised Edition). University of Minnesota Press: US
Campbell, David. 2013. Poststructuralism. In International relations theories: discipline and diversity, Dunne, Timothy; Kurki, Milja; Smith, Steve (eds.). Oxford University Press: UK
Chen, Kuan-hsing. 2010. Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Duke University Press: USA
Cheung, Steven N.S. 1996. A Simplistic General Equilibrium theory of Corruption. Contemporary Economic Policy, 13 (3), 1-5.
Chu, Shulong (楚树龙). 2003. Guoji Guanxi Jiben Lilun (国际关系基本理论). Tsinghua University Press: Beijing
Chu, Yun-han. 2013. Sources of Regime Legitimacy and the Debate over the Chinese Model. The China Review, 13 (1), 1-42.
Confucius. 1998. The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation. R.T. Ames and H. Rosemont Jr. (trans.), New York, Ballantine Books.
Darby, Philip. 2004. Pursuing the Political: A Postcolonial Rethinking of Relations International. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33 (1), 1-32.
Darby, Philip and Paolini, A.J. 1994. Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 19 (3), 371-97.
Deng, Xiaoping. 1984. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: Volume I (1975-1982)
Deng, Xiaoping. 1994. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: Volume III (1982-1992). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Der Derian, James. 1995. ‘The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard’. In Ronnie D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security, New York: Columbia University Press
Devetak, Richard. 2013. Poststructuralism. In Theories of International Relations, Burchill, Scott. et. al. New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Doty, R. 1996. Imperial Encounters – the politics of Representation in North-South Relations. University of Minnesota Press.
Fabian, Johannes. 2002. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (2nd edition). New York: Columbia University Press
Foucault, Michel. 1984. The Foucault Reader.
Foucault, Michel. 1988. “Practicing Criticism,” in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984, edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman, translated by Alan Sheridan and others, New York, pp. 154-55
Foucault, Michel. 1991. Truth and Power. In the Foucault Reader. Rabinow, P. Ed. London: Penguin.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press
Geng, Shuang. 2019. Geng Shuang: China’s ‘reform and opening up’ over the last 40 years was not done to show foreigners (耿爽:中国40年改革开放不是做给外国人看的). Baidu, 29 April 2019, available at, https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1632145995992252144&wfr=spider&for=pc (last accessed, 13 July 2019).
Guo, Sujian and Hua, Shiping. 2007. New Dimensions of Chinese Foreign Policy. Lexington Books: USA
Hansen, L. 2006. Security as Practice – Discourse analysis and the Bosnian War. London and New York: Routledge.
Harris, Peter. 2017. China in British Politics: Western Unexceptionalism in the Shadow of China’s Rise. Chinese Journal of International Politics 10 (3), 241-267.
He, Qinglian. 1998. The Pitfall of Modernization (Xiandaihua de Xianjing). Guangzhou: Today''s China Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence (eds.). 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press.
Hu, Jintao. 2012. ‘Full text of Hu Jintao''s report at 18th Party Congress’, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/18th_CPC_National_Congress_Eng/t992917.htm (26 December 2018, date last accessed).
Huang, Chiung-chiu and Shih, Chih-yu. 2014. Harmonious Intervention: China’s Quest for Relational Security. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Huang, Youyi. 2011. ‘Context, not history matters for Deng’s famous phrase’. Global Times, 15 June 2011, available at http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/661734.shtml (last accessed, 16 June 2019).
Huckner, Charles O. 1975. China’s Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
J.P. 2017. ‘What is China’s belt and road initiative?’ The Economist, 15 May 2017, https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/05/14/what-is-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative (27 December 2018, date last accessed).
Jun, K. 2018. ‘China’s Influence in Central Asia and Sino-Russian Relations’. 4 September 2018. Lecture at the Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica (IPSAS), Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.
Kafka, Franz. 1970 [1948]. The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces. W. and E. Muir (trans.). New York: Schocken Books.
Kaplan, Robert D. 2011. “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict”. Foreign Policy website, article available on http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/08/15/the-south-china-sea-is-the-future-of-conflict/ , visited at 23 March 2016 at 13:55
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton University Press: USA
Kissinger, Henry. 1994. Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster: US
Kondapalli, Skrikanth and Hu, Xiaowen (eds.). 2017. One belt, one road: China’s Global Outreach. New Delhi: Pentagon Press.
Krauthammer, Charles. 1995. Why we must contain China. Time, 31 July 1995
Krishna, Sankaran. 1993. The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View on Critical International Relations Theory. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 18 (3), 385-417.
Laclau, Ernesto and Mouffe, Chantal. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Verso: UK
Lai, Christina J. 2017. Rhetorical traps and China’s peaceful rise: Malaysia and the Philippines in the South China Sea territorial disputes. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Volume 19 (1), 117-146.
Li, Cheng and Xu, Lucy. 2014. Chinese Enthusiasm and American Cynicism: The “New Type of Great Power Relations”. On China-US focus Website, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/chinese-enthusiasm-and-american-cynicism-over-the-new-type-of-great-power-relations/#sthash.yLAZ3Si1.dpuf, website visited on 11 March 2016 at 16:50
Mansfield, B. 2005. Beyond rescaling: Reintegrating the ‘national as a dimension of scalar relations. Progress in Human Geography, 29(4), 458–473.
Mao, Zedong. 1949. ‘On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship’. In Selected works of Mao Tse-tung Volume IV, available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm (last accessed, 12 July 2019)
Mao, Zedong. 1964. ‘On Krushchov’s Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World: Comment on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In Selected works of Mao Tse-tung Volume 9, available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm (last accessed 13 July 2019).
Mao, Zedong. 1970. ‘People Of The World, Unite And Defeat The U.S. Aggressors And All Their Running Dogs’. In Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung Volume IX, available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-9/mswv9_86.htm (last accessed, 12 July 2019).
Mearsheimer, John. J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, USA
Mearsheimer, John J. 2010. The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia. Chinese Journal of International Politics 3 (4): 381-396
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2017. Search for ‘reimagine’ on 28 October 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reimagine
Milliken, J. 1999. The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods. European Journal of International Relations 5(2): 225-54
Mohan, Raja C. 2006. ‘China and NAM’. The Indian Express, 29 August 2006, available at
http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/china-and-nam/11629/ (last accessed 13 July 2019).
Monbiot, George. 2017. How Did We Get into This Mess? Verso: UK
Mouffe, Chantal. 2005. The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.
Mouffe, Chantal. 2009. Democracy in a Multipolar World. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37 (3), 549-561.
Nathan, Andrew J. Will China Democratize? ''Even Our Caution Must be Hedged''. Journal of Democracy 9, pp. 60–4
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People’s Republic of China. (2015) ‘Visions and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road’, 28 March 2015, http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html (10 March 2019, date last accessed).
Neumann, I. 2009. Discourse Analysis. In Qualitative Methods in International Relations, Klotz, A. and Prakash, D. Eds., Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, MacMillan.
Nin, Anaïs. 1961. Seduction of the Minotaur. The Swallow Press, Chicago, Illinois. (Afterword added in 1969; sixth printing in 1972) (Verified on paper in sixth printing 1972)
Nisbett, Richard E. 2005. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently and Why. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Nivision, David S. 1956. Communist Ethics and Chinese Tradition. The Journal of Asian Studies 16 (1), 51-74.
Paasi, A. 1999. Boundaries as social processes: Territoriality in the world of flows. In D. Newman (Ed.), Boundaries, territory and postmodernity (pp. 69–88). London: Frank Cass.
Pan, Chengxin. 2009. Peaceful Rise and China’s new international contract: the state in change in transnational society. In Linda Chelan Li (ed.) The Chinese State in Transition: Processes and contests in local China. Routledge: UK
Pan, Chengxin. 2012. Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise. Edward Elgar Publishing: USA, UK
Peng, Lu. 2019. Chinese IR Sino-centrism tradition and its influence on the Chinese School Movement. The Pacific Review 32 (2), 150-167.
Pye, Lucian W. and Pye, Mary W. 1985. Asian Power And Politics: The Cultural Dimensions Of Authority. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press.
Pye, Lucian W. 1990. Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: the Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge. Asian Survey 30 (4), 331-347.
Qin, Yaqing. 2005. Guoji Guanxi Lilun de Hexin Wenti yu Zhongguo Xuepai de Shengcheng (The Core Problematic and the Emergence of a Chinese School of IR). China Social Sciences 3, 165-176.
Qin, Yaqing. 2006. A Chinese School of International Relations Theory: Possibility and Inevitability. World Economics and Politics
Qin, Yaqing. 2007. Why is there no Chinese international relations theory? International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, 313-340.
Qin, Yaqing. 2009. Relationality and Processual Construction: bringing Chinese Ideas into International Relations Theory. Social Sciences in China, Vol. 14, Issue 04, pp. 5-20
Qin, Yaqing, 2010. International Society as a Process: Institutions, Identities, and China’s Peaceful Rise, The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3, 129–153.
Qin, Yaqing. 2011. Development of International Relations Theory in China: Progress through Debates. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 11: 231-257
Qin, Yaqing. 2014. Continuity through Change: Background Knowledge and China’s International Strategy. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7 (3), 285-314.
Qin, Yaqing. 2018a. A Multiverse of Knowledge: Cultures and IR Theories. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 11(4), 415-434.
Qin, Yaqing. 2018b. A Relational Theory of World Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Reuters staff writer. 2009. ‘UPDATE 6-BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk’. Reuters, 16 June 2009, available at, https://www.reuters.com/article/bric/update-6-bric-demands-more-clout-steers-clear-of-dollar-talk-idUSLG67435120090616 (last accessed, 14 July 2019).
Rockhill, Gabriel. 2017. The CIA reads French theory: on the intellectual labor of dismantling the cultural left. The Philosophical Salon, published online 28 February 2017 at http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the-cia-reads-french-theory-on-the-intellectual-labor-of-dismantling-the-cultural-left/, visited 18 March 2018
Schneider, Florian. 2013. Video Introduction to Discourse Analysis. http://www.politicseastasia.com/research/video-introduction-to-discourse-analysis/. See also additional material on this website on discourse analysis.
Seth, Sanjay. 2011. Postcolonial Theory and the Critique of International Relations. Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 40:1 (2011)
Shai, Aron. 2019. Inside the Mind of Xi Jinping. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. Available at, https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2018.1577608 (12 March 2019, date last accessed).
Shambaugh, David. 2011. Coping with a Conflicted China. The Washington Quarterly 34:1, 7-27
Shani, Giorgio. 2014. Religion, Identity and Human Security. Routledge: UK
Shih, Chih-yu. 1988. National role conception as foreign policy motivation: The psychocultural bases of Chinese diplomacy. Political Psychology 9 (4), 599-631.
Shih, Chih-yu. 1993. China’s Just World: the Morality of Chinese Foreign Policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers: London, UK.
Shih, Chih-yu. 2009. The Plausible Asian Schools of International Relations: Hypothesizing Non-Interventionism. European Research Center on Contemporary Taiwan Online Paper Series (EOPS No.2, Tubingen: Eberhard Karls Universitat).
Shih, Chih-yu. 2011. The West that is not in the West: identifying the self in Oriental modernity. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 23 (4), 537-560.
Shih, Chih-yu. 2013. Sinicizing International Relations: Self, Civilization, and Intellectual Politics in Subaltern East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan
Shih, Chih-yu. 2016a. Affirmative Balance of the Singapore–Taiwan Relationship: A Bilateral Perspective on the Relational Turn in International Relations. International Studies Review Vol. 18, Issue 4, pp. 681-701
Shih, Chih-yu. 2017a. Can “Post-Western” be Chinese? A Note on Post-Chineseness in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Beyond. In Joseph Yu-shek Cheng (ed.) Mainlandization of Hong Kong: Pressures and Responses. City University of Hong Kong Press
Shih, Chih-yu. 2017b. Introduction: Comparative History of China/Chinese Studies: Emerging Post-Chineseness. In Shih Chih-yu, He Peizhong, and Tang Lei. (eds.) From Sinology to Post-Chineseness: Intellectual Histories of China, Chinese People, and Chinese Civilization. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
Shih, Chih-yu. 2017c. The Relational Turn East and West: From Chinese Confucianism to Balance of Relationships. Korean Political Science Review 51 (6), 107-127.
Shih, Chih-yu. Unpublished. Bound to relate: Tianxia as Mutual Soft Power.
Shih, Chih-yu and Huang, Chiung-chiu. 2016. "The Balance of Relationship as Chinese School of IR: Being Simultaneously Confucian, Post-Western, and Post-hegemonic,” in Yongjin Zhang and Teng-chi Chang (eds.), Constructing a Chinese School(s) of International Relations: Ongoing Debate and Critical Assessment (Oxon: Routledge, 2016)
Shih, Chih-yu and Huang, Chiung-chiu; Yeophantong, Pichamon; Bunskoek, Raoul; Ikeda, Josuke; Hwang, Yih-Jye; Wang, Hung-jen; Chang, Chih-yun; Chen, Ching-chang. 2019. China and International Theory: The Balance of Relationships. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Shih, Chih-yu and Ikeda, Josuke. 2016. International Relations of Post-Hybridity: Dangers and Potentials in Non-Synthetic Cycles. Globalizations 13 (4), 454-468.
Shin, Doh Chull. 2011. Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Song, Luzheng. 2018. ‘Guandian: Ouzhou yinggai zhichi ‘Yidai, Yilu’ de liu da liyou (Opinion: Six Reasons why the EU should support the Belt and Road Initiative)’. BBC, 8 May 2018, https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-39847203 (26 December 2018, date last accessed).
Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter. 2012. The Untold History of the United States. Simon & Schuster: USA
Swanson, Kelly. 2017. ‘Read: Trump''s full speech to the UN General Assembly’. Vox, 19 September 2017, available at https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/9/19/16333290/trump-full-speech-transcript-un-general-assembly (last accessed, 15 July 2019.
Tang, Shiping. 2013. The Social Evolution of International Politics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
United Nations. 1958. Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations. Available at, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf (last accessed 13 July 2019).
Vasilaki, Rosa. 2012. Provincialising IR? Deadlocks and Prospects in Post-Western IR Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 41 (1), 3-22.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 2000. Structural Realism After the Cold War. International Security 25 (1), 5-41.
Wang, Gungwu. 1968. ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay’. In J. K. Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 34-62.
Wang, Gungwu. 2013. The Chinese State and the New Global History. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Wang, Gungwu. 2014. Another China Cycle: Committing to Reform. Singapore: World Scientific.
Wang, Kai. 2018. Scientific Gentry and Socialisation of Western Science in China’s Modernisation during “Self-strengthening” Movement (1860-1895). Almagest 9 (1), 69-95.
Wang, Mingming. 2012. All Under Heaven (Tianxia): Cosmological perspectives and political ontologies in pre-modern China. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 1, 337-383.
Wang, Mingming. 2014. The West as the Other: A Genealogy of Chinese Occidentalism. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Wang, Yiwei. 2016. The Belt and Road: What Will China Offer the World in Its Rise. Beijing: New World Press.
Wight, Colin. 2006. Agents, Structures and International Relations. Cambridge University Press: UK
Wirth, Christian. 2016. Securing the seas, securing the state: Hope, danger and the politics of order in the Asia-Pacific. Political Geography Vol. 53, pp. 76-85
Womack, Brantley. 2011. Dongfang yu Xifang de ‘Tianxia’ (‘Tianxia’ East and West). Jilin Daxue Shehui Kexue Xuebao (Jilin University journal of social sciences) 224 (51:2), 85-91.
Wong, Catherine. 2018. ‘Malaysia big part of Beijing’s belt and road vision for future, says Xi Jinping,’ South China Morning Post, 20 August 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2160469/debt-laden-malaysia-wants-fair-and-free-trade-china (26 December 2018, date last accessed).
Wong, Catherine. 2018. ‘Xi Jinping says belt and road plan isn’t about creating a ‘China club’’, South China Morning Post, 27 August 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2161580/xi-jinping-says-belt-and-road-plan-isnt-about-creating (26 December 2018, date last accessed).
Xi, Jinping. 2014a. Xi Jinping: The Governance of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Xi, Jinping. 2014b. Xi’s Speech at the ‘Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence’ Anniversary. Available at, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2014-07/09/content_32902379.htm (last accessed, 13 July 2019)
Xi Jinping. 2015. Speech by Xi Jinping at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly. China Daily, 30 September.
Yan, Xuetong. 2011. Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. New Jersey: Princeton.
Yan, Xuetong. 2018a. Yan Xuetong on the bipolar state of our world. China Media Project, 26 June 2018, available at http://chinamediaproject.org/2018/06/26/yan-xuetong-on-the-bipolar-state-of-our-world/ (last accessed, 15 July 2019).
Yan, Xuetong. 2018b. Chinese Values vs. Liberalism: What Ideology will Shape the International Normative Order? The Chinese Journal of International Politics 11 (1), 1-22.
Yan, Xuetong. 2019. Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Yan, Yunxiang. 1996. The flow of gifts: reciprocity and social networks in a Chinese village. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
You, Zhuran, Rud, A.G. and Hu, Yingzi. 2018. The Philosophy of Chinese Moral Education: A History. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Young, Robert J. C. 2005. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. Routledge UK
Zhang, Denghua. 2018. The Concept of ‘Community of Common Destiny’ in China’s Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications. Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies 5 (2), 196-207.
Zhang, Yongjin and Chang, Teng-chi. 2017. Constructing a Chinese School of International Relations: Ongoing debates and sociological realities. Routledge: London and New York
Zhao, Quansheng. 2018. The influence of Confucianism on Chinese politics and foreign policy. Asian Education and Development Studies 7 (4), 321-328.
Zhao, Suisheng. 1997. Power Competition in East Asia: From the Old Chinese World Order to Post-Cold War Regional Multipolarity. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Zhao, Suisheng. 2010. The China Model: can it replace the Western model of modernization? Journal of Contemporary China Vol. 19 (65), pp. 419-436
Zhao, Tingyang. 2005. Tianxia Tixi: Shijie Zhidu Zhexue Daolun (The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution). Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Zhao, Tingyang. 2006. Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-heaven’ (Tian-xia, 天下). Social Identities 12 (1), 29-41.
Zhao, Tingyang. 2009. A Political World Philosophy in terms of All-under-Heaven (Tian-xia). Diogenes 221, 5-18
Zhao, Tingyang. 2016. Tianxia de Dangdaixing: Shijie Zhixu de Shijian yu Xiangxiang (A Possible World of All-under-heaven System: The world order in the past and for the future). Beijing: China Citic Press.
Zhao, Tingyang. 2019. Redefining A Philosophy for World Governance. Liqing Tao (transl.). Joint publication, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; Singapore: Palgrave Pivot, Springer Nature.
Zheng, Bijian. 2003. China’s Peaceful Rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian 1997-2003. Published online by the Brookings Institution in 2005, available at http://www.brookings.edu/fp/events/20050616bijianlunch.pdf , website visited at 15 March 2016 at 16:15
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE