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題名:越南兩次反中抗議運動之比較研究:國家與社會關係的詮釋
作者:鄧玉簪
作者(外文):DANG NGOC TRAM
校院名稱:國立中山大學
系所名稱:中國與亞太區域研究所
指導教授:林德昌
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:國家與社會關係不對稱理論民族主義社會運動VietnamState-Society RelationsAsymmetry TheoryNationalismSocial Movement
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1986年越南實行經濟革新開放政策後,雖然帶來了經濟的蓬勃發展,但權力下放加劇與治理能力之改善力度不高,促使「國家」的轉型,並從遠離極權主義走向弱勢型威權主義。1991年跟中國關係正常化之後,隨著全球化的浪潮及中國的崛起,越中關係邁向長久歷史以來合作最全面性的新階段,確保跟中國保持良好關係,遂成為越南和平穩定發展的重要一環。但在國際層面上以美中大國的競爭為主軸,在國內政治層面上民族主義正當性面對挑戰等兩大趨勢的發展下,使得管控越中不對稱關係之難度激增。
從2008年至2018年的短短10年內,越南已爆發五次大規模的因反中情緒而引發的抗議運動。2008年-2009年與2018年兩場反中抗議運動之異同比較,凸顯出來對越中關係,以及越南政經發展研究的價值。本論文蒐集台灣內外相關之英文、中文、越南文、法文的文獻,探討國家與社會關係、社會運動、及不對稱之相關的理論,藉以對整個研究問題、研究領域,以及先前的研究成果有架構性的論述;並運用個案研究法、及深度訪談法等研究方法來進行比較分析。
透過反中抗議運動的研究,本文提出越南國家的治理模式為「正當性防禦型之威權主義」。正當性不再扮演鞏固威權政體的重要角色,反而國家對可能引起挑戰正當性的事件,採取防禦行為。若議題挑戰單一正當性基礎、或僅涉及到國家與社會關係的某種互動模式,抗議運動之影響力是相當微弱的。反中抗議運動發生在經濟治理方面上,因威脅國家正當性的多樣基礎,從而可動員執政者、社會精英,以及社會主要力量的參與,其訴求會更有可能取得國家的回應與重視。
The economic reforms and the opening policy of 1986 caused Vietnam’s economy to boom and resulted in the state system’s transition from totalitarianism to a weak form of authoritarianism. The normalization of diplomatic relations between Vietnam and China in 1991 and the continued significant global rise of the Chinese economy has been linked to the formation of the most comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and China to date. However, this relationship remains asymmetrical and is affected by political problems, particularly the rivalry between the United States and China and the domestic challenges of legitimacy faced by the Vietnamese government. The most serious reactions to this asymmetrical relation were the five large-scale mass movements from 2008 to 2018 that were motivated by a strong anti-China sentiment. This study compares two key anti-China mass movements in Vietnam in regard to the effects that they have had on relations between China and Vietnam and on the political and economic development in Vietnam. The analysis will be based on materials written in English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and French, and on primary information drawn from in-depth interviews. This study suggests that the governance model in Vietnam could be classified as "legitimacy defensive authoritarianism," that is, the state takes defensive actions against events that may challenge its legitimacy. If an issue challenges any part of the foundation of legitimacy, the influence of the mass movement is quite limited. The anti-China mass movement that challenges various foundations of the state’s legitimacy will most likely mobilize the support of policy-makers, social elites, and major social forces to win the country''s attention and response.
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